Gebruiker:Heinonlein/Kladblok/WIU4
 tm purperzwaluw | merel | allerlei | koelkast | etalagetm
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Voortplanting en ontwikkeling[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Net als bij veel andere zwaluwen keren mannetjes van de purperzwaluw eerder terug naar het broedgebied dan de vrouwtjes. Om nestconcurrentie met huismussen, spreeuwen en soortgenoten zoveel mogelijk te voorkomen vliegen ze vaak vroeg in het jaar. Als het insectenaanbod door de lage temperatuur te klein blijft, kunnen veel purperzwaluwen door verhongering omkomen. De mannetjes arriveren alleen of in kleine groepen. Ze vestigen een territorium, dat uit meerdere nesten kan bestaan. Er wordt vaak gevochten om een geschikte nestplaats, maar meestal verliest het indringende mannetje. Wanneer het vrouwtjes arriveert, begint ze meteen met het uitzoeken van een geschikt nest. Soms vormt een mannetje koppels met meerdere vrouwtjes.[7][2]
Nest[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
De purperzwaluw broedt in reeds bestaande holtes, zoals scheuren in de rots, boomholtes, verlaten spechtgaten en nestkasten. In het oosten van de Verenigde Staten nestelen de purperzwaluwen doorgaans in nestkasten en kunnen ze grote kolonies vormen. In de rest van het broedgebied vormen ze kleinere groepen of geïsoleerde paren.[7]
Nadat een koppel een nestholte heeft uitgekozen, gaan er twee à drie weken voorbij voordat er met de nestbouw wordt begonnen. Beide vogels bouwen aan het nest en gebruiken daarvoor twijgen, gras en bladeren. Indien beschikbaar wordt het nest van binnen bekleed met veren.[2] Aan de zijde van het vlieggat wordt soms een modderdam gebouwd. Het bouwen neemt drie tot vier weken in beslag.[8]
This process is complicated by the fact that artificial nest sites could be houses with many rooms, clustered gourds, or single gourds. The nest is made inside the cavity of such artificial structures and retains a somewhat flat appearance. The nest is a structure of primarily three levels: the first level acts as a foundation and is usually made up of twigs, mud, small pebbles and in at least a few reported cases, small river mollusk shells were used; the second level of the nest is made up of grasses, finer smaller twigs; the third level of construction composing the nest, is a small compression usually lined with fresh green leaves where the eggs are laid.
Broedsel[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Three to six eggs are laid, and the female is the main incubator, with some help from the male. Purple martins are generally known to raise only a single brood.
Verdere ontwikkeling[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Fledging, when the young leave the nest, occurs at about one month, after which the parents continue to feed the fledgling young.
Nestconcurrentie[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
De
Verspreiding[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
De purperzwaluw overwintert in Noord-Amerika. De eerste vogels arriveren midden januari in Texas, Florida en het gebied aan de zuidoostkust. Later arriveert de purperzwaluw ook in noordelijker en westelijker gelegen gebieden. Begin maart verschijnen purperzwaluwen in Vancouver en Kansas, half april in het zuiden van Canada en in mei in Arizona en Montana.[3]
Eind mei beginnen de eerste purperzwaluwen hun trektocht naar Zuid-Amerika. De grootste passages zijn van eind juli tot september. Begin oktober vertrekken de laatste achterblijvers.[3]
Purple martins' breeding range is throughout temperate North America.[9] Their breeding habitat is open areas across eastern North America, and also some locations on the west coast from British Columbia to Mexico.[10] Martins make their nests in cavities, either natural or artificial. In many places, humans put up real or artificial hollow gourds, or houses for martins, especially in the east, where purple martins are almost entirely dependent on such structures. As a result, this subspecies typically breeds in colonies located in proximity to people, even within cities and towns. This makes their distribution patchy, as they are usually absent from areas where no nest sites are provided. Western birds often make use of natural cavities such as old woodpecker holes in trees or saguaro cacti.[11]
The purple martin migrates to the Amazon basin in winter. Its winter range extends into Ecuador[12] but does not seem to ascend far up the Andean foothills.
The first record of this species in Europe was a single bird on Lewis, Scotland, on 5–6 September 2004, and the second was on the Azores on 6 September 2004.
Habitat[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
De habitat van de purperzwaluw bestaat uit open of halfopen gebieden, meestal in de buurt van water.[5]
Migratie[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
De purperzwaluw overwintert in het Amazonebekken.
Wintering in South America, purple martins migrate to North America in spring to breed. Spring migration is somewhat staggered, with arrivals in southern areas such as Florida and Texas in January, but showing up in the northern United States in April and in Canada as late as May. Males usually arrive at a site before females.
Fall migration is also staggered, as birds head south when the breeding season is over. Some birds leave as early as July and others stay as late as October. Martins generally migrate over land, through Mexico and Central America. When not breeding, martins form large flocks and roost together in great numbers. This behavior begins just prior to the southern migration and continues on the wintering grounds.
Beschermingsstatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
...[14]
Purple martins suffered a severe population crash in the 20th century widely linked to the release and spread of European starlings in North America. Starlings and house sparrows compete with martins for nest cavities. Where purple martins once gathered by the thousands, by the 1980s they had all but disappeared.
Taxonomie[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Hirundo subis.[16] The current genus name refers to Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow to save her from her husband. She had killed their son to avenge the rape of her sister. The specific subis is Latin and refers to a type of bird that breaks eagles’ eggs; it may have been applied to this species because of its aggression towards birds of prey when it is nesting.[17]
The species of this genus are very closely related, and some view the purple martin, gray-breasted martin, snowy-bellied martin, and southern martin, as a superspecies.[11]
Ondersoorten[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
- P. s. subis, is the nominate form, with the typical features of the species, breeds in eastern and mid-western North America.
- P. s. hesperia of the Mexico and the southwestern United States, is distinguished primarily by its nesting habits.
- P. s. arboricola of western mountains is large with females paler on underparts. Of the Mexico and the southwestern United States, is distinguished primarily by its nesting habits.
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Progne subis subis -
Progne subis hesperia -
Progne subis arboricola
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De soort telt 3 ondersoorten: * P. s. subis: zuidelijk Canada, de oostelijke Verenigde Staten en oostelijk Mexico. * P. s. hesperia: de zuidwestelijke Verenigde Staten en noordwestelijk Mexico. * P. s. arboricola: de westelijke Verenigde Staten en noordelijk Mexico.
Relatie met de mens[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Almost every country tavern has a martin box on the upper part of its sign-board; and I have observed that the handsomer the box, the better does the inn generally prove to be.
— John James Audubon, 1831[6]
The population of eastern purple martins (nominate form P. s. subis) is dependent on artificial martin houses of wood or aluminum and fake plastic gourds, supplied by individuals and organizations fond of the bird. This tradition was in place even before the population crash; Native Americans are said to have hollowed out gourds and erected them for this purpose. The situation requires continual maintenance, as European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins as cavity-nesters, and will fight with martins over nest sites. Starlings have even been known to kill purple martins, especially nestling young, and house sparrows have been known to evict purple martins from their nests. Thus, unmonitored purple martin houses are often overtaken by more aggressive, non-native species, Purple martin proponents are motivated by the concern that the purple martin would likely vanish from eastern North America were it not for this assistance.[18]
NotenBronnen
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- Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel Purple martin op de Engelstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen valt. Zie de bewerkingsgeschiedenis aldaar.