Cabinda (provincie): verschil tussen versies

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== History ==
== History ==
Portuguese explorers, missionaries and traders arrived at the mouth of the [[Congo River|Congo (or Nzere) river]] in the mid-[[15th century]], making contact with the powerful King of the Congo ([[Manikongo]]). The Manikongo controlled much of the region through affiliation with smaller kingdoms, such as the Kingdoms of Ngoyo, Loango and Cacongo in present-day Cabinda.
Portuguese explorers, missionaries and traders arrived at the mouth of the [[Congo River|Congo (or Nzere) river]] in the mid-[[15th century]], making contact with the powerful King of the Congo ([[Manikongo]]). The Manikongo controlled much of the region through affiliation with smaller kingdoms, such as the Kingdoms of Ngoyo, Loango and Cacongo in present-day Cabinda.


Over the years, the Portuguese, Dutch, and English established trading posts, logging camps and small [[palm oil]] processing factories in Cabinda. Trade continued and the European presence grew, resulting in conflicts between the rival colonial powers.
Over the years, the Portuguese, Dutch, and English established trading posts, logging camps and small [[palm oil]] processing factories in Cabinda. Trade continued and the European presence grew, resulting in conflicts between the rival colonial powers.


Through the [[Treaty of Simulambuco]] in [[1885]] between the kings of Portugal and Cabinda's princes, a Portuguese [[protectorate]] was decreed, reserving rights to the local princes and independent of Angola. Cabinda once had the [[Congo River]] as the only natural boundary with Angola, but in [[1885]], the [[Conference of Berlin]] extended the Congo Free State's territory along the [[Congo River]] to the river's mouth at the sea.
Through the [[Treaty of Simulambuco]] in [[1885]] between the kings of Portugal and Cabinda's princes, a Portuguese [[protectorate]] was decreed, reserving rights to the local princes and independent of Angola. Cabinda once had the [[Congo River]] as the only natural boundary with Angola, but in [[1885]], the [[Conference of Berlin]] extended the Congo Free State's territory along the [[Congo River]] to the river's mouth at the sea.


In [[1975]], the [[Treaty of Alvor]] integrated Cabinda into Angola, but this treaty was considered contentious and was rejected by all Angolan parties.
In [[1975]], the [[Treaty of Alvor]] integrated Cabinda into Angola, but this treaty was considered contentious and was rejected by all Angolan parties.


== Liberation movement ==
== Liberation movement ==
A liberation movement, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ([[Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda]], FLEC), has been active since Angola's independence from [[Portugal]] in [[1975]].
A liberation movement, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ([[Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda]], FLEC), has been active since Angola's independence from [[Portugal]] in [[1975]].


FLEC controlled most of the region in 1975, and constituted a [[provisional government]] led by Henriques Tiago. The independence of Cabinda from Portugal was proclaimed on [[August 1]], [[1975]]. Luiz Branque Franque was elected president. After the declaration of Angolan independence in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, MPLA), with mercenaries from [[Cuba]]. The MPLA overthrew the provisional FLEC government, and re-incorporated Cabinda into Angola. FLEC has continued its political and military struggle for Cabindan independence since the invasion, with little success.
FLEC controlled most of the region in 1975, and constituted a [[provisional government]] led by Henriques Tiago. The independence of Cabinda from Portugal was proclaimed on [[August 1]], [[1975]]. Luiz Branque Franque was elected president. After the declaration of Angolan independence in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, MPLA), with mercenaries from [[Cuba]]. The MPLA overthrew the provisional FLEC government, and re-incorporated Cabinda into Angola. FLEC has continued its political and military struggle for Cabindan independence since the invasion, with little success.


In April [[1997]], Cabinda joined the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], a [[democratic]] and [[international organization]] whose members are [[indigenous peoples]], [[List of disputed or occupied territories|occupied nations]], [[minority|minorities]] and [[independence|independent]] [[state]]s or territories.
In April [[1997]], Cabinda joined the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], a [[democratic]] and [[international organization]] whose members are [[indigenous peoples]], [[List of disputed or occupied territories|occupied nations]], [[minority|minorities]] and [[independence|independent]] [[state]]s or territories.
Regel 52: Regel 52:
* [http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=2744 UNPO-resolutie over de enclave Cabinda], [[26 juni]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=2744 UNPO-resolutie over de enclave Cabinda], [[26 juni]] [[2005]]


{{Navigatie provincies van Angola}}
{{Navigatie provincies Angola}}
{{Coördinaten|5_3_0_S_12_18_0_E_type:adm1st_region:AO-CAB|4°-5° ZB, 12°-13° O}}
{{Coördinaten|5_3_0_S_12_18_0_E_type:adm1st_region:AO-CAB|4°-5° ZB, 12°-13° O}}


Versie van 14 mei 2009 14:17

Cabinda
Provincie van Angola Vlag van Angola
Cabinda in Angola
Coördinaten 4°56'3"ZB, 12°24'19"OL
Algemeen
Oppervlakte 7270 km²
Inwoners ca. 300.000
(41,27 inw./km²)
Hoofdstad Cabinda
Overig
Talen Portugees
Portaal  Portaalicoon   Afrika

Cabinda is een provincie van Angola, die als exclave is ingeklemd tussen de Republiek Congo in het noorden en de Democratische Republiek Congo in het zuiden. In het westen grenst het aan de Atlantische Oceaan. De oppervlakte is 7270 km². Cabinda had in 1992 152.100 inwoners. Vooral door de vestiging van vluchtelingen uit de Democratische Republiek Congo groeide de bevolking aan tot ongeveer 300.000. De hoofdstad is het gelijknamige Cabinda. Overige steden zijn Belize, Buco-Zau en Lândana.

Geschiedenis

Cabinda was door de Conferentie van Berlijn sinds 1 februari 1885 een Portugees protectoraat (ook bekend onder de naam Portugees Congo). Na de revolutie van 25 april in Portugal kregen verscheidene politici er belang bij om Cabinda een deel van Angola te maken, ondanks dat het daar niet aan grensde. Met de onafhankelijkheid van Angola in 1975 gebeurde dat inderdaad. Kort daarna begon het Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC, Front voor de Bevrijding van de Enclave Cabinda) een oorlog tegen de Angolese aanwezigheid, die tot op heden voortduurt.

Er zijn veel berichten van schending van mensenrechten in Cabinda. In 2003 rapporteerde een ad hoc-commissie van de UNHCR dat de MPLA veel wreedheden had begaan. In 2004 berichtte de directeur van de missie van Human Rights Watch voor Afrika dat het Angolese leger misdaden bleef begaan tegen Cabindese burgers.

Economie

Voor de kust liggen olievelden die tot de grootste ter wereld behoren. Onderzoek daarnaar begon in 1954 en sinds 1968 vindt productie plaats. Cabinda produceert 700.000 vaten aardolie per dag, en is daarmee goed voor ongeveer 70% van de Angolese olieproductie. Het zorgt daarmee voor 80% van de export van Angola en is zeer belangrijk voor het Angolese BNP. Cabinda Oil is gelieerd aan Sonangol, Agip Angola Lda. Sonangol bezit 41%, Chevron 39,2%, Elf 10% en Agip 9,8%.

De basis van Cabinda Oil bevindt zich in Malongo. Hier werken 5000 mensen. 1700 mensen, hoofdzakelijk Amerikanen wonen hier permanent.

Verder produceert Cabinda hardhout, koffie, cacao, rubber en palmolieproducten.

Externe links

Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_(provincie)&oldid=16813668"