Gebruiker:KJ2502/Kladblok
There are several areas involved in the encoding, remembering and retrieval of source memory. These include the medial temporal lobe, the prefrontal cortex, the parietal lobe and several other posterior brain areas.
Medial temporal lobe:
The hippocampus is a structure in the medial temporal lobe that is important in source memory, and memory in general. Activity is found to be greater in the hippocampus for items of which the corresponding source is correctly identified than for those whose source is incorrectly identified.[1] These findings support the notion that the hippocampus contributes to binding features into complex episodic memories during encoding, as well as in remembering item-context information.[2] During encoding, the hippocampus works together with the entorhinal cortex[3] and other midbrain structures[4] to bind, associate and integrate information acress space or time.[5]
The hippocampus is activated for recollection of inter-item associations. When context is retrieved intentionally or unintentionally, the parahippocampal cortex is activated. The perirhinal cortex is involved when an item prompts the retrieval of an associatied item.[6] The activity in the parahippocampal cortex is more similar to hippocampal activity than to perirhinal cortex activity, and reflects processing of spatial context.[7] Another view on the parahippocampal activity is that it is involved in contextual information.[6] Recent evidence also associates perirhinal/entorhinal cortex activity with visual source memory and parahippocampal cortex activity with auditory source memory.
During memory retrieval, fMRI signals in hippocampus and perirhinal cortex go in opposite directions when memory strengthens. Non-linearly, hippocampal activity increases whereas perirhinal activity decreases with memory strength. This contrasting activity impedes the mapping of different medial temporal lobe regions.
The Prefrontal Cortex:
Source memory judgements are associated with increased activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. This includes increased activity in the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This activity has been correlated to multipe different types of source information, such as location, size and the cognitive operations that were performed. The increase in activity also corresponds to a wide range of materials, such as auditory and visual words and pictures.[8] Increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex during encoding of source information predicts more accurate recognition and retrieval of this information at a later point in time.[9] Furthermore, the left lateral prefrontal cortex contributes to remembering source information by systematic monitoring of specific information, while the right lateral prefrontal cortex is important for heuristic evaluation of information that is less differentiated, such as familiarity and recency in item recognition.[10]
The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to control processes that are necessary to select and encode the appropriate and specific features of items, and this process enhances the representation of goal-relevant features of items during encoding. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to more domain-general processes that support the organization and elaboration of multiple features in working memory, which are necessary for encoding associations between items for storage in long-term memory.[11] This makes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in particular very important for the encoding and retrieval of source memory.
Accordingly, lesions of the frontal cortex disrupt processes that promote feature binding and that are involved in the revival and evaluation of source information.[12] This damage often leads to certain deficits on source identification tasks.
The parietal cortex and other posterior brain areas
The accuracy of source memory relates to which specific features of a specific experience are encoded, how well those features are connected in memory and how they are accessed and retrieved during remembering. There is evidence for specifity based on categories in posterior visual areas for episodic memory. Examples from the fusiform cortex that are involved in encoding different types of materials and objects such as faces in the fusiform face area (FFA)[13], scenes in the parahippocampal place area (PPA)[14], and the visual word form area in the left occipito-temporal sulcus, which borders the fusiform gyrus.[15]
In addition, activity in the left superior temporal gyrus is related to successful encoding of locations, and activity in the posterior inferior temporal cortex with encoding source information related to color.[16] Moreover, for visual stimuli encoding activity in the right fusiform predicts correct and accurate source memory for perceptual details with high specificity, while activity in the left fusiform is related to judgements based on information that is less specific.[17]
- ↑ (en) Davachi L, Item, Context and Relational Episodic Encoding in Humans. Current opinion in neurobiology (2006 Dec). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ L.R. Squire, Y. Shrager (2008). Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference. Elsevier, 67–78. ISBN 978-0-12-370509-9.
- ↑ (en) Lipton Pa, Eichenbaum H, Complementary Roles of Hippocampus and Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Episodic Memory. Neural plasticity (2008). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Shohamy D, Wagner Ad, Integrating Memories in the Human Brain: Hippocampal-Midbrain Encoding of Overlapping Events. Neuron (23 oktober 2008). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Burgess N, Maguire Ea, O'Keefe J, The Human Hippocampus and Spatial and Episodic Memory. Neuron (15 augustus 2002). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ a b (en) Diana, RA, Yonelinas, A.P., Ranganath, C. (11 september 2007). Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007
- ↑ Davachi, L. (December). Item, context and relational episodic encoding in humans.. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2006
- ↑ (en) Johnson Mk, Hashtroudi S, Lindsay Ds, Source Monitoring. Psychological bulletin (1993 Jul). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Cansino S, Maquet P, Dolan Rj, Rugg Md, Brain Activity Underlying Encoding and Retrieval of Source Memory. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) (2002 Oct). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Dobbins Ig, Wagner Ad, Domain-general and Domain-Sensitive Prefrontal Mechanisms for Recollecting Events and Detecting Novelty. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) (2005 Nov). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Blumenfeld Rs, Ranganath C, Prefrontal Cortex and Long-Term Memory Encoding: An Integrative Review of Findings From Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry (2007 Jun). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Shergill Ss, Brammer Mj, Fukuda R, Williams Sc, Murray Rm, McGuire Pk, Engagement of Brain Areas Implicated in Processing Inner Speech in People With Auditory Hallucinations. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (2003 Jun). Geraadpleegd op 24 mei 2020.
- ↑ (en) Kuskowski, M.A., Pardo, J.V., (June 9). The role of the fusiform gyrus in successful encoding of face stimuli.. NeuroImage 1999
- ↑ (en) Epstein, R, Kanwisher, N. (9 april). A cortical representation of the local visual environment.. Nature 1998
- ↑ (en) McCandliss, B.D., Cohen, L., Dehaene, S. (July 7). The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus.. Trends In Cognitive Sciences 2003
- ↑ (en) Uncapher, M.R., Otten, L.J., Rugg, M.D. (9 november). Episodic encoding is more than the sum of its parts: an fMRI investigation of multifeatural contextual encoding.. Neuron 2006
- ↑ (en) Garoff, R.J., Slotnick, S.D., Schacter, D.L. (7 december). The neural origins of specific and general memory: the role of the fusiform cortex.. Neuropsychologia 2005