Vestingwerken van Haarlem: verschil tussen versies

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In de regel

Versie van 10 feb 2024 01:15

De vestingwerken van Haarlem waren een systeem van fortificaties om de stad te beschermen tegen aanvallen van buitenaf. Haarlem was, net zoals veel andere middeleeuwse steden, een vesting die beschikte over stadspoorten, stadsmuren, singels en bolwerken.

Stadspoorten

In totaal had Haarlem veertien stadspoorten. Van deze veertien poorten staat er nog één overeind, namelijk de Amsterdamse Poort. De andere poorten zijn rond de negentiende eeuw op gemeentelijk besluit gesloopt om ruimte te maken voor stadsuitbreiding en toenemend verkeer. De poorten werden als overbodig gezien en stonden in de weg.

<mapframe>: De JSON-inhoud is geen geldige GeoJSON+simplestyle. In de onderstaande lijst staan alle pogingen om deze te interpreteren volgens het JSON-schema. Het zijn niet allemaal fouten.

/0/service: The property service is required
/0/geometries: The property geometries is required
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/0/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/0: Failed to match exactly one schema
/0/geometry: The property geometry is required
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/0/features: The property features is required
/0/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/1/service: The property service is required
/1/geometries: The property geometries is required
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/1/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/1: Failed to match exactly one schema
/1/geometry: The property geometry is required
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/1/features: The property features is required
/1/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/2/service: The property service is required
/2/geometries: The property geometries is required
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/2/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/2: Failed to match exactly one schema
/2/geometry: The property geometry is required
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/2/features: The property features is required
/2/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/4/ids: Does not match the regex pattern ^Q[1-9]\d{0,19}(\s*,\s*Q[1-9]\d{0,19})*$
/4/ids: String value found, but an array is required
/4/ids: Failed to match exactly one schema
/4/title: The property title is required
/4/service: The property service is required
/4: Failed to match exactly one schema
/4/geometries: The property geometries is required
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/4/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/4/geometry: The property geometry is required
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/4/features: The property features is required
/4/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/5/service: The property service is required
/5/geometries: The property geometries is required
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/5/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/5: Failed to match exactly one schema
/5/geometry: The property geometry is required
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/5/features: The property features is required
/5/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/6/service: The property service is required
/6/geometries: The property geometries is required
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/6/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/6: Failed to match exactly one schema
/6/geometry: The property geometry is required
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/6/features: The property features is required
/6/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/7/service: The property service is required
/7/geometries: The property geometries is required
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/7/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/7: Failed to match exactly one schema
/7/geometry: The property geometry is required
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/7/features: The property features is required
/7/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/8/service: The property service is required
/8/geometries: The property geometries is required
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/8/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/8: Failed to match exactly one schema
/8/geometry: The property geometry is required
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/8/features: The property features is required
/8/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/9/service: The property service is required
/9/geometries: The property geometries is required
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/9/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/9: Failed to match exactly one schema
/9/geometry: The property geometry is required
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/9/features: The property features is required
/9/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/10/service: The property service is required
/10/geometries: The property geometries is required
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/10/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/10: Failed to match exactly one schema
/10/geometry: The property geometry is required
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/10/features: The property features is required
/10/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/11/service: The property service is required
/11/geometries: The property geometries is required
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/11/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/11: Failed to match exactly one schema
/11/geometry: The property geometry is required
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/11/features: The property features is required
/11/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/12/service: The property service is required
/12/geometries: The property geometries is required
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/12/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/12: Failed to match exactly one schema
/12/geometry: The property geometry is required
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/12/features: The property features is required
/12/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]
/13/ids: Does not match the regex pattern ^Q[1-9]\d{0,19}(\s*,\s*Q[1-9]\d{0,19})*$
/13/ids: String value found, but an array is required
/13/ids: Failed to match exactly one schema
/13/title: The property title is required
/13/service: The property service is required
/13: Failed to match exactly one schema
/13/geometries: The property geometries is required
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["GeometryCollection"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPolygon"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Point"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiPoint"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["LineString"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["MultiLineString"]
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Polygon"]
/13/coordinates: The property coordinates is required
/13/geometry: The property geometry is required
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["Feature"]
/13/features: The property features is required
/13/type: Does not have a value in the enumeration ["FeatureCollection"]

De overige poorten waren:

Schalkwijkerpoort (gesloopt in 1866)
Eendjespoort of Leidse Waterpoort (gesloopt in 1866)
Kleine Houtpoort (gesloopt in 1873)
Grote Houtpoort (gesloopt in 1824)
Raampoort
Raakstorens (gesloopt in 1866) waterpoort
Zijlpoort (gesloopt in 1824)
Kruispoort (werd in 1573 opgeblazen en herbouwd, maar in 1593 alweer afgebroken)
St. Janspoort (gesloopt in 1683)
Catrijnenpoort, waterpoort
Nieuwpoort of Kennemerpoort (gesloopt in 1866)
Deymanspoort ook wel Dijmanspoort, Deimanspoort of Deimanswaterpoort ^[1]
Vrouwehek, poort bestaande uit een simpel hek tussen twee beren, met een stenen boog daarboven en een ophaalbrug.^[2]

Tevens zijn in 1873 de laatste resten van de Pijntoren verdwenen.

Overblijfselen

De Bolwerken is een 19e-eeuws stadspark dat een deel van de voormalige vestingwerken omvat. De Amsterdamse Poort is de enige nog bestaande stadspoort De tot ontploffing gebrachte Kruispoort is gemarkeerd in het straatwerk van de Kruisstraat ter hoogte van de Albert Heijn. Het fronton van de Nieuwpoort is hergebruikt aan de Wilhelminastraat 43.

Een van de torens van de voormalige Catrijnenpoort bleef deels lange tijd ook bewaard doordat in 1778-79 molen De Adriaan op de muren van de toren werd gebouwd. Na de fatale brand van deze molen in 1932 bleven echter alleen nog de fundamenten over. Sinds 2002 herinnert de stenen onderbouw van de herbouwde molen weer aan de voormalige toren van de stadspoort.

Bij werkzaamheden aan de Schalkwijkerbrug zijn restanten van de Schalkwijkerpoort aangetroffen. Deze zijn onderzocht en weer ingegraven. Eén plaquette herinnerd hieraan.

Verder zijn een aantal straten en bruggen vernoemd naar de stadspoorten. Een voorbeeld hiervan is de Vrouwehekbrug over de Kloppersingel tussen de Friese Varkensmarkt en Spaarndamseweg. De Zandersbrug is vernoemd naar toren die aan de stadszijde stond. Verder hebben we de Eendjespoortstraat in het Rozenprieel en ook het Kennemerplein is naar de daar gelegen poort vernoemd.

Galerij

Schalkwijkerpoort
Eendjespoort of Leidse Waterpoort
Kleine Houtpoort
Grote Houtpoort
Raampoort
De Raakstorens
Zijlpoort
Catarijnenpoort
Nieuwpoort
Stuk van de stadswal tussen de Schalkwijkerpoort en Amsterdamsepoort langs de Herensingel

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

[1] ttp://verdwenengebouwen.nl/gebouw/982

[2] [1]

[1]

[2]

@@ Regel 5: / Regel 5: @@
 In totaal had Haarlem veertien stadspoorten. Van deze veertien poorten staat er nog één overeind, namelijk de [[Amsterdamse Poort (Haarlem)|Amsterdamse Poort]]. De andere poorten zijn rond de negentiende eeuw op gemeentelijk besluit gesloopt om ruimte te maken voor stadsuitbreiding en toenemend verkeer. De poorten werden als overbodig gezien en stonden in de weg.
+{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=no|frame-height=450|zoom=14|frame-align=right|text=
-Andere poorten waren:
+<code>1</code> Amsterdamse Poort<br>
+<code>2</code> [[Schalkwijkerpoort]]<br>
+<code>3</code> [[Eendjespoort]]<br>
+<code>4</code> [[Kleine Houtpoort]]
+<code>5</code> [[Grote Houtpoort]]<br>
+<code>6</code> [[Raampoort]]<br>
+<code>7</code> [[Raakspoort]]<br>
+<code>8</code> [[Zijlpoort]]
+<code>9</code> [[Kruispoort]]<br>
+<code>10</code> [[Janspoort]]<br>
+<code>11</code> [[Deymanspoort]]<br>
+<code>12</code> [[Kennemerpoort]]
+<code>13</code> [[Vrouwehek]]<br>
+<code>14</code> [[Catrijnenpoort]]<br>
+|id1=Q2689330 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Amsterdamse Poort (Haarlem)|Amsterdamse Poort]]
+|id2=Q38156076|type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Schalkwijkerpoort]]
+|id3=Q38154059 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Eendjespoort]]
+|id4=Q15877474 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Kleine Houtpoort]]
+|id5=Q38154737) |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Grote Houtpoort]]
+|id6=Q38154890 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Raampoort|Raampoort]]
+|id7=Q38155814 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Raakspoort]]
+|id8=Q8071855 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Zijlpoort (Haarlem)|Zijlpoort]]
+|id9=Q38154646 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Kruispoort (Haarlem)|Kruispoort]]
+|id10=Q38154520 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Janspoort]]
+|id11=Q98382132 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Deymanspoort]]
+|id12=Q15879840 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Kennemerpoort]]
+|id13=Q47012471 |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Vrouwehek]]
+|id14=Q38156050) |type4=point|marker-color4=#bb6666|marker4=4|title4=[[Catrijnenpoort]]
+}}
+De overige poorten waren:
 * [[Schalkwijkerpoort]] (gesloopt in 1866)
 * [[Eendjespoort]] ''of Leidse Waterpoort'' (gesloopt in 1866)
@@ Regel 23: / Regel 55: @@
 ==Overblijfselen==
-[[De Bolwerken (Haarlem)|De Bolwerken]] is een 19e-eeuws stadspark dat een deel van de voormalige vestingwerken omvat. De ontplofte [[Kruispoort (Haarlem)|Kruispoort]] is gemarkeerd in het straatwerk ter hoogte van de Albert Heijn. Het [[Fronton_(bouwkunde)|fronton]] van de [[Nieuwpoort (Haarlem)|Nieuwpoort]] is hergebruikt aan de Wilhelminastraat 43. De [[Amsterdamse Poort (Haarlem)|Amsterdamse Poort]] is de enige nog bestaande stadspoort.
+[[De Bolwerken (Haarlem)|De Bolwerken]] is een 19e-eeuws stadspark dat een deel van de voormalige vestingwerken omvat. De [[Amsterdamse Poort (Haarlem)|Amsterdamse Poort]] is de enige nog bestaande stadspoort
+De tot ontploffing gebrachte [[Kruispoort (Haarlem)|Kruispoort]] is gemarkeerd in het straatwerk van de [[Kruisstraat (Haarlem|Kruisstraat]] ter hoogte van de Albert Heijn. Het [[Fronton_(bouwkunde)|fronton]] van de [[Nieuwpoort (Haarlem)|Nieuwpoort]] is hergebruikt aan de [[Wilhelminastraat (Haarlem)|Wilhelminastraat]] 43.
 Een van de torens van de voormalige [[Catrijnenpoort]] bleef deels lange tijd ook bewaard doordat in 1778-79 [[De Adriaan (Haarlem)|molen De Adriaan]] op de muren van de toren werd gebouwd. Na de fatale brand van deze molen in 1932 bleven echter alleen nog de fundamenten over. Sinds 2002 herinnert de stenen onderbouw van de herbouwde molen weer aan de voormalige toren van de stadspoort.
+Bij werkzaamheden aan de [[Schalkwijkerbrug (Haarlem)|Schalkwijkerbrug]] zijn restanten van de [[Schalkwijkerpoort]] aangetroffen. Deze zijn onderzocht en weer ingegraven. Eén plaquette herinnerd hieraan.
 Verder zijn een aantal straten en bruggen vernoemd naar de stadspoorten. Een voorbeeld hiervan is de [[Vrouwehekbrug]] over de [[Kloppersingel]] tussen de Friese Varkensmarkt en Spaarndamseweg. De [[Zandersbrug]] is vernoemd naar toren die aan de stadszijde stond. Verder hebben we de Eendjespoortstraat in het [[Rozenprieel]] en ook het [[Kennemerplein (Haarlem)|Kennemerplein]] is naar de daar gelegen poort vernoemd.