Gebruiker:Greenday2/Thuisvoordeel

Binnen teamsporten wordt met thuisvoordeel het voordeel bedoeld dat een thuisploeg zou hebben ten opzichte van de bezoekende ploeg, onder andere vanwege het spelen op eigen terrein en voor eigen publiek.

Voordelen

Bij veel teamsporten wordt er aangenomen dat de thuisploeg daadwerkelijk een significant voordeel heeft ten opzichte van de andere ploeg. Zulke voordelen leiden logischerwijze tot een hogere winstkans voor de thuisploeg.

Vaak worden specifieke regels gehanteerd om het thuisvoordeel tot een minimum te beperken. Zo wordt er in veel voetbalcompetities traditioneel één match thuis en één match uit gespeeld. Een soortgelijke maatregel is het spelen op neutraal terrein bij belangrijke matchen zoals play-offs. Zo geniet geen van beide ploegen thuisvoordeel.

Oorzaken

De meest genoemde oorzaken waaraan het hebben van thuisvoordeel kan worden toegeschreven, zijn moeilijk meetbaar en het bestaan van zulke effecten staat vaak ter discussie.

Bepaalde voordelen zouden eerder psychologisch van aard zijn, zoals bijvoorbeeld het zich comfortabel voelen op een speelveld waarop men voortdurend traint. Een ander dergelijk voorbeeld is een speler die beter presteert wanneer hij thuis (thuisploeg) kon overnachten in plaats van op hotel (uitploeg).

Cheerleaders nemen het (thuis)publiek op sleeptouw

Ook de steun van het thuispubliek kan positieve effecten hebben op het presteren van atleten. Zo wordt het thuispubliek soms wel eens een "extra speler op het veld" genoemd. Zo trachten de supporters de thuisploeg te motiveren door te applaudisseren bij goeie acties en zo deze ploeg aan te moedigen. Dit aanmoedigingseffect wordt versterkt door het feit dat thuissupporters vaak in veel grotere getale aanwezig zijn dan de uit-supporters. Zo kan men stellen dat er tijdens een match meer wordt geapplaudisseerd voor de thuisploeg dan voor de bezoekersploeg. De thuisploeg gebruikt vaak geluids- en lichteffecten, vuurwerk en cheerleaders om de thuissupporters voor zich te winnen.

Het thuispubliek steunt niet alleen de thuisploeg, maar werkt tevens de bezoekersploeg zoveel mogelijk tegen.

Zo komt het bij american football bijvoorbeeld vaak voor dat het thuispubliek zoveel mogelijk lawaai maakt wanneer de bezoekende ploeg aan zet is. Dit maakt het zeer moeilijk voor de quarterback van deze ploeg om belangrijke signalen door te geven aan zijn teamgenoten, waardoor het bepalen van de ideale aanvalsstrategie in gedrang komt. In het basketbal probeert het thuispubliek eveneens een negatieve invloed uit te oefenen op de prestaties van de bezoekersploeg. Zo houdt het publiek dat zich achter het doel bevindt, de armen omhoog wanneer een tegenstander zich klaarmaakt om een vrije worp te gooien. Zo tracht men de focus van deze speler te verstoren. Bij andere factoren is het wel mogelijk om op een wetenschappelijk verantwoorde manier na te gaan of er sprake is van een thuisvoordeel.

Milieugerelateerde factoren zoals de hoogte en het weer zijn meetbaar, maar het is niet altijd duidelijk of er sprake kan zijn van een thuisvoordeel bij zulke factoren. Beide ploegen spelen per definitie immers in dezelfde omstandigheden. Toch kan het zijn dat een thuisploeg meer aangepast is aan lokale weersomstandigheden, zoals extreme hitte of een hoge vochtigheidsgraad, dan de bezoekersploeg. Zo wordt vaak geopperd dat Colombiaanse wielrenners een groot klimvermogen ontwikkelen omdat ze van kinds af aan op grote hoogte leven en trainen.

Het eventuele bestaan van thuisvoordeel werd in 2008 door twee Engelse wetenschappers, S. Wolfson en N. Neave, in verband gebracht met het prestatiebevorderende hormoon testosteron. De wetenschappers namen één uur voor zowel trainingen, uit-wedstrijden als thuiswedstrijden een speekselmonster af bij een Engelse jeugdvoetbalploeg. Uit de resultaten bleek dat de stijging van het testosterongehalte het hoogst is wanneer men een thuiswedstrijd moet spelen. Dit zou te wijten kunnen zijn aan de instinctieve behoefte om het eigen territorium te verdedigen. Een hoge hoeveelheid testosteron in het lichaam zorgt voor meer agressiviteit in het spel en zorgt voor een opbouw van de spiermassa. Vandaar wordt het hormoon ook in verband gebracht met betere sportieve prestaties en staat het op de internationale dopinglijst van het WADA.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Locatiegerelateerde factoren

===Causes=== ====Factors related to the location and the venue==== There are also factors having to do with players being accustomed to peculiar environmental conditions of their home area. The city of [[Denver]], being a mile (1609 m) above sea level, has thinner air; enough so that it affects the stamina of athletes whose bodies are not used to it. Although [[baseball]] is less aerobically demanding than many other sports, high altitude affects that sport's gameplay in several important ways. Denver's combination of altitude and a semi-arid climate (the city averages only about 16 in/400 mm precipitation annually) allows [[Batted ball|fly balls]] to travel about 10% farther than at sea level, and also slightly reduces the ability of [[pitcher]]s to throw effective [[breaking ball]]s. The low humidity also causes baseballs to dry out, making it harder for pitchers to grip them and further reducing their ability to throw breaking balls. Consequently, the [[Colorado Rockies]] have a very large home advantage, with a 30% better home than away record. This anomaly has been countered with Colorado's innovative use of [[humidor]]s to keep the baseballs from drying out. [http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_3961497] Denver's altitude advantage has also come into play in [[gridiron football]]; the longest [[field goal (football)|field goal]] in [[National Football League]] history took place in Denver, as did the longest recorded [[Punt (gridiron football)|punt]]. The national [[association football]] team of [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivia]] also enjoys the advantage of playing at high altitude: at home during [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] [[FIFA World Cup qualification|qualifiers]] at the even more extreme 3,600 m (11,800 ft) altitude of [[La Paz]] they have even been known to beat [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], a team regularly ranked number one in the [[FIFA World Rankings]]. More recently, Bolivia beat [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], who were ranked sixth in the world, 6–1 on April 1, 2009, Argentina's heaviest defeat since 1958.<ref>{{cite news |first= Dan|last= Baynes|title= Argentina Loses 6-1 to Bolivia in Biggest Soccer Loss Since ’58|url= http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=arDYSDfu9SEw&refer=latin_america|date= 2 April 2009|quote=Striker [[Joaquin Botero]] scored three goals in La Paz yesterday as Argentina slumped to its heaviest defeat since losing by the same score to [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]] at the [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958 World Cup]] in Sweden.|accessdate= 14 June 2010|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> The weather can also play a major factor. For example, the February average temperature minimum in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] is {{convert|50|F|C}}, while the average at the same time in [[Kazan]], [[Russia]] is {{convert|10|F|C}}, with snow being common. This means that when [[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]] played at home to [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]] in the [[2009-10 UEFA Europa League]], Hapoel needed to acclimatize and were therefore at a disadvantage. Hapoel duly lost the match 3-0. This advantage, however, can also be a disadvantage to the home team, as weather conditions can form just as much of an impedance to the home team as the visitors; the [[Buffalo Bills]], whose home stadium ([[Ralph Wilson Stadium]]) is subject to high and unpredictable winds and [[lake-effect snow]] in the late fall and early winter, regularly suffers large numbers of injuries late in the season. Sometimes the unique attributes of a stadium create a home-field advantage. The unique off-white [[Teflon]]-coated roof of the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] trapped and reflected noise to such an extent that it was distracting or even harmful. This, combined with the color of the roof, caused opposing baseball players to commit more errors in the Dome than in other ballparks. While this is no longer an issue for opponents of the [[Minnesota Twins]] with that team's 2010 move to the open-air [[Target Field]], it remained important to the many college baseball teams that played games in the Dome until its late 2013 closing. The [[parquet]] floor at the [[Boston Celtics]]' former home of [[Boston Garden]] contained many defects, which were said to give the Celtics, who were more likely to be familiar with the playing surface, an advantage. During the [[1985–86 Boston Celtics season|1985–1986 season]], the [[Larry Bird]]-led Celtics posted a home court record of 40-1; this record still stands in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. [[Memorial Gymnasium (Vanderbilt University)|Memorial Gymnasium]], the venue for [[Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball|men's]] and [[Vanderbilt Commodores women's basketball|women's]] basketball at [[Vanderbilt University]], was built in 1952 with the team benches at the ends of the court instead of along one of the sidelines, a setup that was not unusual at the time. However, the configuration is now unique in U.S. major-college sports, and has been said to give Vandy an edge because opposing coaches are not used to directing their teams from the baseline. ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', in a 17 January 2011 report, reported that home crowds, rigor of travel for visiting teams, scheduling, and unique home field characteristics, ''were not'' factors in giving home teams an advantage. The journal concluded that it was favorable treatment by game officials and referees that conferred advantages on home teams. ''Sports Illustrated'' stated that sports officials are unwittingly and psychologically influenced by home crowds and the influence is significant enough to effect the outcomes of sporting events in favor of the home team.<ref>Moskowitz, Tobias J., and L. Jon Wertheim, "What's Really Behind Home Field Advantage", ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', 17 January 2011, pp. 65–72.</ref> Other research has found that crowd support, travel fatigue, geographical distance, pitch familiarity, and referee bias do not have a strong effect when each factor is considered alone suggesting that it is the combination of several different factors that creates the overall home advantage effect. An [[evolutionary psychology]] explanation for the home advantage effect refers to observed behavioral and physiological responses in animals when they are defending their [[Territory (animal)|home territory]] against intruders. This causes a rise in aggression and [[testosterone]] levels in the defenders. A similar effects has been observed in football with testosterone levels being significantly higher in home games than in away games. Goalkeepers, the last line of defense, have particularly strong testosterone changes when playing against a bitter rival as compared to a training season. How testosterone may influence results is unclear but may include but cognitive effects such as motivation and physiological effects such as reaction time.<ref name=AEP/> ====Factors related to the game rules==== In [[ice hockey]], there are at least three distinct rule-related advantages for the home team. The first is referred to as "last change", where during stoppages of play, the home team is allowed to make player substitutions after the visiting team does. This allows the home team to obtain favorable player matchups. This rule makes the home team designation important even in games played on neutral ice. The second advantage is that when lining up for each [[face-off]], the away team's centre must place his stick on the ice before the centre of the home team (in the NHL only; in international hockey, the attacking centre places his stick first). This gives the home team's centre the ability to time the face-off better and gives him greater odds of winning it. The third advantage is that the home team has the benefit of choosing whether to take the first or second attempt in a shootout. In [[baseball]], the home team gets to bat last in each inning. If the game goes into extra innings, this can yield very real advantages when deciding strategies regarding base-stealing and [[sacrifice bunt|sacrifice hits]]. In addition, in [[Major League Baseball]], the home league's rules concerning the [[designated hitter]] are followed during [[interleague play|interleague]] games, including the [[World Series]]. This puts AL teams at a disadvantage when they play in NL parks, as AL pitchers are typically not used to having to bat. NL teams at AL parks are at a disadvantage because a player who does not play often will have to bat an entire game, usually on consecutive nights. The NL team's DH is a [[pinch-hitter]] who bats perhaps once every two or three games during the season, or alternates in a platoon system with other players (such as a catcher who does not start because the starting pitcher uses the other catcher), while the AL team's DH bats three or four times a game throughout the season. In baseball, there is always a psychological home advantage when the game is tied or close in the [[inning (baseball)|9th]] or in [[extra innings]]. The visiting team, if they are leading after batting in their half of the inning (the top), must face and record three outs against the home team in order to finish off and win the game. But the home team, upon scoring the go-ahead run in the bottom of the 9th or an extra inning, wins in [[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]] without having to take the field defensively following their period at bat. If the home team is in the lead following the top of the 9th, the game ends at this point, and the bottom of the 9th is not played at all. There is no clear-cut, ''physical'' advantage because both teams are given the same number of opportunities (i.e. innings). The advantage is knowing how well you have to perform in the last inning, if at all. For games at home, the hosting team will have the advantage of playing with their first choice uniform/kit, rather than their alternate colors. A team's identity is often partly or mostly based on its home colors (for example, the [[New Zealand national rugby union team|All Blacks]] of New Zealand). In Major League Baseball, by tradition a team's home uniform has the team name on it (i.e. "Twins", "Mets", "Braves") and is typically white in color, while its away uniform has the name of its home city, state or region on it ("Minnesota", "New York", "Atlanta") and is grey or is the "dark" jersey (features the team's colors), although the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] and [[Philadelphia Phillies]] have long followed an opposing tradition by wearing the team nickname on both the home and away jerseys, while the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] have worn "Texas" on both their home and road uniforms since 2009, and the [[Miami Marlins]] have their city name on three of their four jerseys (only the team's orange alternate top has the nickname). A recent innovation in baseball is the "Sunday" alternate uniform, which is the same color for both home and away games. Regardless, all members of a team wear the same uniform (home, away or alternate) in each game. In one early-season 2006 game, the Minnesota Twins, in the middle of a vicious slump, played in their batting practice uniforms. ==Gaining or losing home-field advantage== During the regular season for a sport, in the interest of fairness, schedulers try to ensure that each team plays an equal number of home and away games. Thus, having home-field advantage for any particular regular-season game is largely due to random chance. (This is only true for fully organized leagues with structured schedules; for a counterexample, [[college football]] schedules often have an imbalance in which the most successful and largest teams can negotiate more home appearances than [[mid-major]]s, a situation that was also prevalent in the early, disorganized years of the National Football League.) However, in [[playoffs]], home advantage is usually given to the team with the better regular-season record. One exception to this is Major League Baseball, which since 2003 has awarded home-field advantage in the [[World Series]] to the team representing the league which won the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] that year, to help raise interest in the All-Star Game after a [[2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|tie in 2002]]. Before 2003, home-field advantage alternated each year between the [[National League]] and the [[American League]]. In MLB's first and second round of playoffs, home-field advantage is given to the team with the better record if both teams are division champions, and to the division champion if one of the teams is a [[wild card (sports)|wild card]]. For the first round in the [[NFL]] and NHL playoffs, home advantage is given to the team with a higher seed (which may or may not have the better record). The [[NBA]] is the only league that has home-court advantage based solely on which team has the best record (using various tiebreakers to settle the question should the teams finish with identical records). Rugby union's [[Heineken Cup]] also uses a seeding system to determine home advantage in the quarterfinals (though not in the semifinals, where the nominal "home" teams<ref>Heineken Cup rules regarding semifinal venues are: *The venue cannot be a team's normal home ground. *It must have a capacity of at least 20,000. *It must be held in the same country as the team drawn as "home". However, exceptions have been allowed. Most notably, [[Top 14|French]] club [[Biarritz Olympique]], located less than {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} from the [[Spain|Spanish]] border, have been allowed to take semifinals across the border to [[Estadio Anoeta]] in [[San Sebastián|Donostia-San Sebastián]], which is far closer to Biarritz than any acceptable ground in France.</ref> are determined by a blind draw). In many sports, playoffs consist of a 'series' of games played between two teams. These series are usually a best-of-5 or best-of-7 format, where the first team to win 3 or 4 games, respectively, wins the playoff. Since these best-of series always involve an odd number of games, it is impossible to guarantee that an equal number of games will be played at each team's home venue. As a result, one team must be scheduled to have one more home game than the other. This team is said to have home-field advantage for that playoff series. During the course of these playoff series, however, sports announcers or columnists will sometimes mention a team "gaining" or "losing" home-field advantage. This can happen after a visiting team has just won a game in the series. In playoff series format, the home-field advantage is said to exist for whichever team would win the series ''if'' all remaining games in the series are won by the home team ''for that game''. Therefore, it is possible for a visiting team to win a game and, hence, gain home-field advantage. This is somewhat similar to the concept of losing serve in [[tennis]]. As an example, suppose that a blue team and red team are about to play a best-of-seven series against each other. Four games will be played at blue's venue, while three will be played at red's venue. If the home team were to win each game, then blue would win four games, red would win three games, and blue would win the series, so we say that blue has the home-field advantage. However, suppose that the first game is played at blue's venue and the visiting red team wins. Red now has one win, and there are three games remaining at each venue. If the home team wins each of the remaining games, then red will have won four games, while blue will have won three. Since red would win the series in such a scenario, it is said that red has taken home-field advantage away from blue. In some cup competitions, (for example the [[FA Cup]] in all rounds prior to the semi-final), home advantage is determined by a random drawing. However if the initial match is drawn (tied), home advantage for the replay is given to the other team. ==Neutral venues== For certain sporting events, home advantage may be removed by use of a neutral venue. This may be a national stadium that is not a home stadium to any club (for example [[Wembley Stadium]] hosts the [[FA Cup]] Final and semi-finals). Alternatively the neutral venue may be the home stadium of another club, such as was used historically to stage FA Cup semi-finals. If the venue is chosen before the start of the competition however, it is still possible for one team to gain home field advantage. For example in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League, there have been four instances where a club has managed to reach the final hosted in its own stadium ([[1957 European Cup Final|1957]], [[1965 European Cup Final|1965]] and [[1984 European Cup Final|1984]], and [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]]). Most recently [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] played (and lost) the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]] at their home stadium of [[Allianz Arena]], as it was chosen as the venue in January 2010. In the Champions League Final, however, if the "home" shirt colors of both teams conflict (i.e. both are red) then there is a draw which assigns one of the teams their "away" shirt. Not unlike the UEFA Champion League, the [[NFL]]'s [[Super Bowl]] is played in a venue chosen years in advance of the game. It is possible for a team to reach the Super Bowl when it is played in their home stadium; this has never happened in the history of the game, though two games ([[Super Bowl XIV|XIV]] in 1980 and [[Super Bowl XIX|XIX]] in 1985) were played in neutral stadiums in the market area of one of the participating teams. Tickets are allocated equally between both competing teams in the Final, even if one side happens to be the home team. Neutral-venue matches may arise out of necessity, if the home team's normal stadium becomes unusable. For example, on December 12, 2010, the roof of the [[Minnesota Vikings]]' stadium, the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] collapsed due to a snowstorm. The Vikings were supposed to play against the [[New York Giants]] at the stadium the next day. The game was moved to the [[Detroit Lions]]' stadium, [[Ford Field]]. The following week, the Vikings' ''[[Monday Night Football]]'' game against the [[Chicago Bears]] was moved to the [[University of Minnesota]]'s [[TCF Bank Stadium]]. ==See also== *[[Major League Baseball All-Star Game#Tie games; rain delays; home-field advantage in World Series|Major League Baseball (All-Star Game)]] *[[World Series#2003: All-Star Game used to determine home-field advantage|Major League Baseball (World Series)]] *[[Major League Baseball postseason#Home-field advantage|Major League Baseball (postseason)]] *[[Circadian advantage]] ==Notes and references== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *[http://www.cfbtn.com/2009/08/myth-of-home-field-advantage.html Home advantage study (college football)] *[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/cyrilmorong%40sbcglobal.net/HomeRoad.htm&date=2009-10-25+18:01:28 Home-field advantage statistical study (baseball)] *[http://www.so-net.ne.jp/urawa-reds/index_e.html Urawa Red Diamonds Official Site (in English)] ==Further reading== *Repanich, Jeremy (January 27, 2011). [http://www.wired.com/playbook/2011/01/qa-scorecasting/ "Scorecasting Tackles Sports’ Biggest Myths"]. ''Playbook: The Wired World of Sports (wired.com)''. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved 2011-02-21. (Interview with L. Jon Wertheim, about his and Tobias J. Moskowitz's book, ''Scorecasting: The Hidden Influences Behind How Sports are Played and Games are Won'', including "notions of home-field advantage".) {{DEFAULTSORT:Home Advantage}} [[Category:Terminology used in multiple sports]]