Overleg:Kfar Etzion
Onderwerp toevoegenOnderstaande is afkomstig uit "Kfar Etzion: The Community of Memory and the Myth of Return" van David Ohana. Wellicht nuttig om mee te nemen in het lemma:
Settlement and War
The founding of Kfar Etzion in 1943 was the third link in the chain of settlement in the Hebron Hills. It was preceded by two short-lived attempts: Migdal Eder (1927-1929) and El Ha-Har (1935-1936), which bore the name Kfar Etzion, a translation of the name of its founder Zvi Holzmann (Holz = tree = etz in Hebrew). In 1943, the founding group, "Kevutzat Avraham," settled there. The settlers called themselves after the former Chief Rabbi of Palestine, Yitzhak Hacohen Kook, since the members came from the "Benei Akiva" movement in Poland, and they were joined shortly thereafter by members of the "HaShomer HaDati" from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. The group waited seven years in Kfar Pines and constituted the founding nucleus of the first of the settlements of the "HaKibbutz HaDati" Bloc. The settlers developed agriculture, raised livestock, and set up the "Neve Ovadiah" rest and convalescent home, which served as a center of religious culture. As it became well-known, many people visited the Jewish settlement in the Hebron Hills. At the end of 1947, the number of adults living there had reached 163 and the number of children was fifty. Together with new settlers—immigrants from South Africa, the "Teheran Children," and Holocaust survivors—Kfar Etzion was considered a successful combination of vision, settlement, and local patriotism.
The desire to secure the Jewish outpost in the Hebron Hills and fears for the safety of an isolated settlement in the heart of an Arab area led to the establishment of three other settlements which now constituted Gush Etzion (the Etzion Bloc) : Massuot Yitzhak, named after the Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Herzog, established in 1941 by a Benei Akiva nucleus of Holocaust survivors; Ein Tsurim, set up in 1946 by the members of a native-born Benei Akiva nucleus and settlers from Biria in Upper Galilee; and, Revadim, established by members of HaShomer HaTza'ir—Kibbutz Artzi in 1947. In October 1947, Gush Etzion numbered 450 people and comprised 20,000 dunams. Regional development and the impetus to settlement was stopped by the War of Independence.
Immediately after the United Nations declaration on the establishment of a Jewish State on 29 November 1948, the Arabs began to attack Gush Etzion (the Etzion Bloc). The partition decision took thirty settlements out of the borders of the Jewish State, including the settlements of the Bloc. Key events in the War of Independence are linked with Gush Etzion: The Convoy of the Ten in which ten travelers were killed on 5th January 1947 in an attack on a convoy carrying supplies from Jerusalem to Gush Etzion; the evacuation of the children of Kfar Etzion, which also took place on 5 January 1948 under the pressure of the siege of Gush Etzion; the Thirty-Five, the defeat of the "hill platoon" which was on its way to help the besieged Gush Etzion; and the Nebi Daniel Convoy, a reinforcement bringing fighters and supplies that was attacked on 27 March 1948 near the site of Nebi Daniel next to Gush Etzion. Thirteen fighters were killed. These major episodes of the war in Gush Etzion became constitutive symbols in the Israeli collective memory.
The last battle in Gush Etzion took place on 12 and 13 May 1948. The Arab Legion, assisted by the villagers of the area, attacked the settlements of the Bloc, and their superiority in arms and men decided the battle. When the Arab armor broke into Kfar Etzion, a last message was sent out to Jerusalem—"The Queen has fallen"—which became the tragic symbol of the fall of the Bloc. The Arab villagers massacred the Israeli fighters who were captured: 127 of them fell on that day and only four remained alive. In all, 240 fighters and settlers fell in the battles of Gush Etzion. (...)
Wat in het huidige lemma, en bovenstaande stuk missen is de reden waarom het Arabische Legioen de Etzion-nederzettingen heeft aangevallen in 1948:
A number of factors (...) should be recalled to help place the attackin it's proper political context. First and foremost, the Etzion bloc with its four Jewish settlements astride the Jerusalem-Hebron road was in the middle of a purely Arab area and had been assigned to the Arab state by the United Nations. Secondly, on orders from above, the soldiers and settlers of Kfar Etzion had ambushed passing vehicles and cut the road to stop the Arab Legion reinforcements from reaching Jerusalem during the Palmach offensive in Katamon. Thirdly, despite their proximity to the Legion's supply line from the Suez Canal zone to Amman, Glub had no wish to tangle with the Jewish forces in Kfar Etzion and had even called off an earlier attack led by Abdullah al-Tall on May 4, ordering him to return to base. Avi Shlaim, The Politics of Partition, blz 168
Benny Morris geeft in "The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews" op blz. 137-9 ook interessante informatie. Wat niet over het hoofd mag worden gezien is dat van de 127 omgekomen Joden in Kfar Etzion een deel omkwam tijdens de gevechten. Volgens Morris:
...The IDF historian also quotes a Legion officer who explained that there was no formal organized surrender; that after some defenders had surrendered others continued to fire at the Arabs...
Het is daarom onjuist om te beweren dat 127 of meer dan honderd mensen bij het bloedbad omkwamen. Wie gelijkenis meent te zien met Deir Jassin maakt de vergissing dat Kfar Etzion in tegenstelling tot Deir Jassin een militaire post annex nederzettingen was. Eenderde van de Joden bestond uit hagana-soldaten.
Op 12 april was de kolonie de taak opgedragen waarover ze, in militaire zin, gesticht was: het hinderen van het Arabische verkeer tussen Jeruzalem en Hebron. Toen kregen de kolonisten op 30 april het bevel dat hun lot zou bezegelen. De mannen van Jeruzalems zuidelijkste bastion moesten de weg afsluiten om te beletten dat tijdens de Palmach-aanval op Katamon versterkingen uit Hebron de stad zouden bereiken. (...) Door barricaden op te werpen, telefoonlijnen door te snijden, passerende voertuigen in een hinderlaag te laten vallen, hadden ze zich met zoveel succes van hun taak gekweten dat de Arabieren het niet op zich konden laten zitten. Collins / Lapierre, "O Jeruzalem" blz. 301
- Als ik het bovenstaande lees zie ik het spiegelbeeld van de Arabische tactiek m.b.t. de Joodse verbindingen. Ik zie dan ook geen reden om deze historie anders te behandelen dan wat Arabische nederzettingen is overkomen in gevechten met Joodse troepen. Hanhil 25 mei 2008 22:56 (CEST)
Hanhil, Je hebt het over Arabische nederzettingen, maar je boedoelt natuurlijk Arabische stadjes en dorpen, waarvan het gros al eeuwen oud was, en al die tijd Arabisch geweest. Adri 26 mei 2008 11:55 (CEST)
- Ik bedoel gewoon nederzettingen. Hanhil 26 mei 2008 18:24 (CEST)
Infobox: Ligt deze Joodse nederzetting in Palestijns Gebied 'in Israël' ?[brontekst bewerken]
Tot mijn verbazing kom ik zowel hier als in de infoboxen van Joodse nederzettingen (zoals Bat Ayin, Goesj Etsion en Regionale raad van Gush Etzion w.o. Kedar ?, Efrat, enz.) op de Palestijnse Westelijke Jordaanoever de beschrijving 'Plaats' of 'Nederzetting in Israël' tegen, en onderaan wordt vermeld: portaal Israël. In de infoboxen bij de bestaande Palestijnse steden en dorpen daarentegen (zoals Bethlehem, Battir, Beit Sahour, Beit Jala, enz.) wordt portaal 'Azië' vermeld. Welke deskundige kan dit en uitzoeken en naar waarheid wijzigen, evenals verwijzingen naar de juiste categorieën ? (Vraag ook neergelegd in De Kroeg). Kronkelwilg (overleg) 6 sep 2014 15:03 (CEST)