Gebruiker:Caribiana/Kladblok/Logeerhuis van het gouvernement (The Bottom)

Francia Elena Márquez Mina (Yomboló, Cauca, 1 december 1981) is een Colombiaanse jurist, milieuactivist, burgerrechtenactivist en politicus ( PDA Pacto Histórico ). [1] Márquez is vice-president van Colombia.

In 2018 ontving ze de Goldman Environmental Prize. Na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 2022 op 19 juni 2022 samen met de linkse presidentskandidaat Gustavo Petro, werd ze in augustus 2022 verkozen tot de eerste Afro -Colombiaanse vice-president van haar land.

Francia Elena Márquez Mina (1 december 1981) is een Colombiaanse mensenrechten- en milieuactiviste en advocate, die de 13e en huidige vicepresident van Colombia is. Zij is geboren in Yolombó, een dorp in het departement Cauca. Ze werd voor het eerst activiste toen ze 13 was, toen de bouw van een dam haar gemeenschap bedreigde. Na haar aantreden werd ze de eerste Afro-Colombiaanse vicepresident in de geschiedenis van het land. Ze is ook de tweede vrouw die de functie bekleedt, na Marta Lucía Ramírez. In augustus 2020 kondigde Márquez haar kandidatuur aan voor de 2022 Colombiaanse presidentsverkiezingen en streefde ze naar de nominatie voor de Historisch Pact voor Colombia coalitie. Ze werd later door de kandidaat van de coalitie, Gustavo Petro, gekozen als zijn running mate.

In 2018 kreeg ze de Goldman Environmental Prize voor haar werk om de illegale goudwinning in haar gemeenschap La Toma te stoppen en voor haar gemeenschapsorganisatie. Márquez leidde een protestmars van 80 vrouwen die 560 kilometer (350 mijl) naar de hoofdstad Bogotá trok, en eiste de verwijdering van alle illegale mijnwerkers uit hun gemeenschap.(en) Moloney, Anastasia, "reuters.com/article/us-colombia-environment-rights/death-threats-wont-stop-colombian-anti-mining-activist-idUSKBN1HY2O2 Doodsbedreigingen stoppen Colombiaanse anti-mijnbouw-activist", reuters. com, 27 april 2018. Geraadpleegd op 21 mei 2018.</ref> In 2019 nam de BBC Francia Márquez op in hun 100 Women-lijst voor dat jaar.

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Francia Elena Márquez Mina (born 1 December 1981) is a Colombian human-rights and environmental activist and lawyer, who is the 13th and current Vice President of Colombia. She was born in Yolombó, a village in the Cauca Department. She first became an activist at 13, when construction of a dam threatened her community. After taking office, she became the first Afro-Colombian vice president in the country's history. She is also the second woman to hold the post, after Marta Lucía Ramírez. In August 2020, Márquez announced her candidacy in the 2022 Colombian presidential election and sought the nomination for the Historic Pact for Colombia coalition. She was later chosen by the coalition's nominee, Gustavo Petro, to be his running mate.

In 2018, she was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for her work to stop illegal gold mining in her community of La Toma and for her community organising. Márquez led a protest march of 80 women who trekked 560 kilometres (350 miles) to the capital city of Bogotá, and demanded the removal of all illegal miners from their community. In 2019, the BBC listed Francia Márquez on their 100 Women list for that year.

Personal life

Márquez was born on 1 December 1981, in the village of Yolombó, located in the Suárez municipality of the Cauca department. Her parents are miners, although her mother is also a farmer and midwife. Márquez described her childhood as "marked by spending time at my maternal grandparents' house, another time with my mother and the rest with my paternal grandparents". Márquez is an agricultural technician graduate from the National Learning Service of Colombia. In 2020 she obtained a law degree from the University of Santiago de Cali.

Activism

Ovejas river defence

Salvajina hydroelectric dam, Cauca department in 2010

From 1994 to 1997 {{dubious|date=September 2022}} , Márquez participated in the defence of the Ovejas river, a significant water source for her community. Companies such as Unión Fenosa planned to divert the river toward the Salvajina hydroelectric dam. Her community succeeded in preventing the project.

Other companies, such as AngloGold Ashanti, which intended to mine gold in the region, threatening the river's cleanliness, began to invest in the community by building roads and donating school supplies. Márquez recalls that while some appreciated the company's generosity, others were suspicious, stating "others amongst [us] thought that, 'nothing comes for free; they must have an ulterior motive.' And there was already talk of a mining project, so we listened to our elders, and we said 'no' to AngloGold." The company responded by delivering leaflets to residents' homes, threatening eviction.

Opposition to illegal mining

Residents of Yolombó, Cauca

Illegal mining in the Cauca department

During the presidencies of Álvaro Uribe and Juan Manuel Santos, the invitation of international mining companies to extract natural resources in Colombia increased. In 2009, Márquez helped lead protests against attempts by the government to evict Afro-Colombians, especially artisanal miners, from ancestral land near the town of La Toma. The interior ministry had granted companies such as AngloGold the right to mine for gold in the area without consulting residents. Márquez, along with members of the community council of La Toma, filed a lawsuit challenging the decision. During this time, several members of the committee received death threats. Paramilitary groups subsequently targeted the community, killing several artisanal miners on the river banks. Márquez prevailed when the constitutional court ruled in her community's favour.

In 2013, Márquez became a legal representative in La Toma. She also took part in the permanent assembly in Cauca, which advocated for the National Land Agency to protect territory. The following year, Márquez's community faced environmental damage from illegal miners drilling boreholes near the Ovejas river, poisoned due to mercury use. Márquez again sought legal action and worked with other community members to combat environmental damage caused by illegal miners. However, in October 2014, Márquez was forced to flee to Cali with her children after receiving threats from paramilitary groups.

March to Bogotá

Facing increased threats from illegal mining, Márquez organised a 350-kilometre long march from Cauca to Bogotá in 2014. The March, which consisted of 80 Afro-Colombian women, saw an increase in attention to illegal mining in Cauca, as well as the social and environmental destruction the community and suffering the illegal mining had caused. The party arrived in Bogotá ten days later and began to protest, demanding an end to the illegal mining.

After protesting for 22 days, Márquez, along with other representatives of La Toma, reached an agreement with the Colombian government. Government officials decided to take action against illegal mining and established a task force in 2015 to deal with the issue, a first in Colombian history. The Colombian security forces then began to remove and disassemble illegal mining machinery, and by the conclusion of 2016, all illegal mining apparatuses were no longer present in La Toma. Márquez's efforts and later successes earned her praise internationally and helped inspire other communities in the region to combat illegal mining. As a result of her efforts, Márquez was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2018.

Colombian peace process

{{See also|Colombian peace process}}

Márquez at the peace negotiations in 2016

In December 2014, Márquez travelled to Havana, Cuba, to participate in the peace negotiations between the administration of president Juan Manuel Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Whilst there, Márquez highlighted how the conflict had disproportionately affected Afro-Colombians and particularly black women. She also emphasised that ethnic minority groups needed to take part in the peace dialogue to ensure the preservation of lasting peace and stability.

In June 2020, Márquez was elected to the National Peace and Co-existence council, established in May 2017, to monitor compliance with the peace agreement. She served as the council's president in 2021.

2022 presidential election

{{See also|2022 Colombian presidential election}}

Francia Márquez during her presidential campaign in 2022.

Francia Márquez announced her candidacy for the 2022 presidential election in April 2021, during the National Feminist Convention. The Estamos Listas movement and fellow primary candidate Angelá María Robledo offered their support for Marquez's campaign.

In her campaign, she has advocated for women, Afro-Colombians and indigenous communities; who have been largely excluded from Colombian politics.

In December 2021, after her campaign could not collect the necessary signatures to be an independent candidate, the Alternative Democratic Pole party endorsed Márquez's campaign.

In the March 2022 primary elections for the Historic Pact nomination, Márquez reached a historical result of 783,160 votes. This result placed her in second place after Gustavo Petro – with the second-highest vote total out of all the primary candidates.

Vice presidential campaign

Zie Gustavo Petro 2022 presidential campaign voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.

Márquez with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in 2022

Márquez met with President of Chile Gabriel Boric in 2022

On 23 March 2022, she accepted the nomination for vice president on the ticket for the Historic Pact, joining Gustavo Petro. Márquez subsequently promised that if elected, she would move the vice president's office from Bogotá to Medellín. Petro announced that if victorious, Márquez's role as vice president would include bolstering equality for ethnic groups and regions facing exclusion. Petro pledged to establish the ministry of equality, which Márquez would lead.

In early May 2022, Márquez accused the United States and the U.S. ambassador to Colombia, Philip Goldberg, of attempting to interfere with the elections. Goldberg responded by expressing concern about "the possible intervention of other countries". Márquez's claim arose after Goldberg alleged that Venezuela and Russia would try to interfere in the elections. She further expressed, "Although he (Goldberg) did not mention the Historical Pact or Gustavo Petro, it is obvious that he was referring to our candidacy and our political bet." Despite this, Márquez assured that if victorious, a potential Petro administration would not cut ties with the United States.

During the campaign, Márquez and Gustavo Petro faced numerous death threats. In one instance, while campaigning, Márquez was targeted by laser beams from a nearby building, prompting security guards to shield her from what appeared to be an assassination attempt. In response to this and many other similar situations, 90 elected officials and prominent individuals from over 20 countries signed an open letter expressing concern and condemnation of attempts of political violence against Márquez and Petro. The letter also highlighted the assassination of over 50 social leaders, trade unionists, environmentalists and other community representatives in 2022. Signatories of the letter included former Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa and American linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky.

On election day, which occurred on 29 May, Márquez's Historic Pact ticket placed first, advancing to the runoff, since no candidate received over 50% of the vote. Márquez and Petro faced Rodolfo Hernández and Marelen Castillo. Shortly after the first round, Márquez and Petro received the endorsement of Luis Gilberto Murillo for the second round. Murillo had been the running of Sergio Fajardo in the Hope Center Coalition, which did not qualify for the runoff. Márquez and Petro went on to defeat Hernández and Castillo in the second round held on 19 June. Upon her electoral triumph, Márquez proclaimed that the Petro administration would not "expropriate anyone". She said the most significant challenge she faced whilst on the campaign trail was racist attacks. Márquez's inauguration as vice president occurred on 7 August 2022. On the other hand, due to the approval needed by Congress to establish the ministry of equality, Márquez may not assume the leadership of the proposed department until mid-way through her term as vice president.

Vice Presidency (2022–present)

Márquez was sworn in as vice president on 7 August 2022.

She escaped another assassination attempt in January 2023. An explosive charge, found in time by the police in charge of her security, had been hidden on the road leading to her home.

Since taking office, Francia Márquez has also been the target of multiple racist attacks.

Further reading

• Ferry, Elizabeth & Ferry, Stephen (Winter 2018). "Mining and the Defense of Afro-Colombian Territory: The Community of Yolombó, Colombia". ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America.
• Kane, Patrick (3 December 2014). "Why Did 22 Afro-Colombian Women Occupy the Colombian Interior Ministry for Five Days?", Huffington Post UK.

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Gouvernementslogeergebouw (The Bottom)
Gouvernementslogeerhuis in The Bottom (1947)
Locatie
Locatie	The Bottom, Saba
Opening	1922
Bouwinfo
Architect	onbekend
Koningin Juliana en Prins Bernhard verlaten het gouvernementslogeerhuis in The Bottom op 26 oktober 1955
Portaal    Civiele techniek en bouwkunde Cariben

Het Gouvernementslogeergebouw is een historisch gebouw gelegen in de hoofdstad The Bottom op Saba, dat voorheen als logement of hotelletje door het eilandsbestuur werd onderhouden.

Historie

Zoals gebruikelijk op de eilanden van het Gebiedsdeel Curacao, bouwde de overheid in de twintigerjaren van de 20ste eeuw op Saba logeerhuizen, ook "pasanggrahan" genoemd, voor reizende ambtenaren. In die tijd waren er geen commerciële hotels aanwezig op het eiland waar de ambtenaren die Saba aandeden konden logeren. Incidenteel konden toeristen met toestemming van de gezaghebber ook in de logeerhuizen verblijven. Naast The Bottom had Saba nog een tweede pasanggrahan in Windwardside.

Het gouvernementslogeerhuis in The Bottom was een twee verdiepingengebouw gelegen tussen groene hellingen. De begane grond was ingericht met een salon, bibliotheek, eetkamer en keuken. Op de bovenste verdieping bevonden zich de gastkamers. Deze is voorzien van een uitgebreide trappartij en een achteraanbouw met daarin de badkamers.

In de vijftigerjaren van de 20ste eeuw genoot Cornelia "Cutchie" Jones bekendheid als beheerster, kokkin en houdhoudster van het logement. In 1955 logeerde hier koningin Juliana. Het gouvernementslogeerhuis ging over in particuliere handen in 1964 en ging vervolgens als hotel verder onder de naam Cranston Antique Inn.

Zie ook

• Gouvernementslogeergebouw (Oranjestad)
• Cornelia Jones

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

[[Categorie:The Bottom]]

In de jaren vijftig was de pasanggrahan van The Bottom, Saba, ziet er het florissantst uit van alle pasanggrahans der Nederlandse Antillen. In de kamer boven, waar men op uit ziet staat een antiek vierstijlig bed, heel hoog en met een hemel. )En waar Koningin Juliana in 1955 heeft overnacht.) Gehuwde paren brengt men daar in onder. Saba heeft in Windwardside nog een tweede pasanggrahan, iets kleiner, joyeuser met een panorama van 500 m. diep. Op Saba ligt er eén logeerhuis in het plaatsje dat The Botton heet, een liefelijke woning, midden tussen de groene hellingen, en een ander in de Windwaardside met een van de kleurrijkste vergezichten, die men op aarde genieten kan.

Het logement werd in de jaren ...... beheerd door Cornelia Jones. Jones, die later politica zou worden, was naast beheerder tevens kok en houdhoudster en fungeerde als gastvrouw van het eiland. Zij was vaak de onderwerp (feature) van artikelen in tijdschriften en kranten uit het bezoeken van ambtenaren en toeristen naar het eiland.

According to Hartog (1974:87) number B50 was built in 1922 to function as a government guesthouse in order to accomodate visiting civil servants. Research by this author however indicates that B-50 already existed prior to 1922. In the year 1900 it functioned as the Governor's residence (fig. 60 - KIT:71/72 no.19 - December 30th 1900). B-50 houses since 1964 a beautifully furnished private hotel, 'Cranston's Antique Inn' (fig. 61 and dwg. B50). It has an elaborate staircase and a rear extension containing the bathrooms.

Aruba: Het Gouvernementslogeergebouw is een historisch gebouw in Oranjestad op Aruba. Het werd gebruikt om reizende ambtenaren, die Aruba aandeden, te herbergen voor er commerciële hotels waren. Op de Antillen werd ook de Javaanse term "Pasang Grahan" gebruikt om de Gouvernementslogeergebouwen aan te duiden.

Het gebouw werd ook gebruikt voor officiële gelegenheden, zoals ontvangsten en recepties. Zo werd er op 31 maart 1943 een grote receptie gehouden naar aanleiding van het 15-jarig bestaan van het Corps Militaire Politie op Aruba.[1]

Toen ontwikkelaars in 1955 voorgesteld om de Government House te vervangen door een hotel door Nederlandse donateurs gefinancierd, de eilandsraad geweigerd omdat de beleggers niet zou garanderen Jones' voortzetting van het dienstverband. Na vele jaren dienst bij de regering Guesthouse, Jones werd de herbergier van de Windwardside Guesthouse. Ze werd geëerd door koningin Juliana van Nederland voor haar jaar in dienst van Saba.

Cornelia Jones was in de jaren ..... naast beheerder tevens kok en houdhoudster van het logement.

https://thedailyherald.sx/islands/69120-captain-s-quarters-on-saba-is-now-sold  ?? voorheen gouvernementslogeergebouw??

Evenals op de overige eilanden van het Gebiedsdeel Curacao, bouwde de overheid in de twintigerjaren van de 20ste eeuw voor reizende ambtenaren logeerhuizen op Saba. Incidenteel konden toeristen daar ook logeren met toestemming van de gezaghebber. Het werd gebruikt om reizende ambtenaren, die Saba aandeden, te herbergen voor de tijd dat er commerciële hotels waren. Het gebouw had een salon, een bibliotheek, een eetkamer en een keuken op de begane grond en gastkamers op de bovenste verdieping. Gebruik van het logeerhuis wordt door de gezaghebber van Sint Maarten/Bovenwinden ?? geregeld. In 1964 ging het governementslogeerhuis over in particuliere handen (later onder de naam Cranston Antique Inn).

, iets kleiner, joyeuser met een panorama van 500 m. diep. Op Saba ligt er eén logeerhuis in het plaatsje dat The Botton heet, een liefelijke woning, midden tussen de groene hellingen, en een ander in de Windwaardside met een van de kleurrijkste vergezichten, die men op aarde genieten kan.