Overleg:Renaissance/Scope

Literatuurlijst

Werk a.u.b. als volgt: geef (1) een literatuurverwijzing (auteur of autoriteit, titel, jaar), (2) relevante citaten. Graag alleen citaten die ingaan op de kwestie van de scope van het lemma "Renaissance". Focus op de volgende vragen:

• Kiest de bron voor de Renaissance als cultuurperiode of historisch-chronologische periode?
• Of gaat de bron die vraag uit de weg, door het begrip Renaissance noch als het een, noch als het ander te definieren?
• Hoe ligt de balans tussen cultuurgebonden onderwerpen en andere onderwerpen in de bron?

Discussie kan op de overlegpagina van het artikel of indien specifiek over citaten of literatuur, op de overlegpagina hier.

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Encyclopedieën

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica
   1. "The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages" Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 14:32 (CET)
2. Larousse
   1. "La Renaissance est une grande période de rénovation culturelle qui s'est produite dans l'Europe des XVe et XVIe siècles, dans les domaines des idées, de la littérature, des arts et des sciences, d'une part, mais, bien sûr, aussi dans ceux de l'économie et du social, et créa une onde de choc dans les sphères du religieux et du politique." Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 14:32 (CET)
3. Encylopaedia Universalis 2011 (de 'Franse Britannica'):
   1. Schetst eerst het probleem van gebrek aan consensus over wat renaissance betekent; dan volgt hoofdstuk II over "Les états de la renaissance" (demografie van Europa, steden en staten), en twee hoofdstukken over cultuur: III "La pensée" en III "L'art". Geen sterke uitspraken over renaissance als historische periode, benadrukking van continuïteit met middeleeuwen, het gedeelte over cultuur is het uitgebreidst. Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 15:14 (CET)
4. Encarta Winkler Prins 2006
   1. Renaissance: "term ter aanduiding van het tijdperk van opbloei van letteren, kunsten en wetenschappen waarvan de basis wordt gevormd door een heroriëntering op de geestelijke verworvenheden van de klassieke oudheid." Uit de inhoudsopgave blijkt een sterke nadruk op cultuur (schilderkunst, letterkunde, architectuur, muziek...) Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 15:14 (CET)

Literatuur met een grotere scope dan de Renaissance

1. Davies, N. (1997): Europe, A History, Pimlico, London.
   1. "Faced with the problem, many of the historians of the period have abondoned their earlier concers. It is no longer the fashion to write so much about those minority interests." (In'Renatio', hoofdstuk VII, wanneer Davies benadrukt dat die 'mode of thinking' slechts als een minority interest kan worden beschreven). Renaissance wordt niet expliciet als historische periode benoemd. Davies toont zich integendeel bijzonder sceptisch. Verder: evenwichtige verdeling van onderwerpen. Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 14:29 (CET)
   2. Dit zijn de openingszinnen in het hoofdstuk Renatio. Renaissances and Reformations, c. 1450-1670: There is a strong sense of unreality about the Renaissance. The mode of thinking which is supposed to distinguish modern European civilization both from medieval Christendom and from other non-European civilizations such as Islam had no clear beginning and no end. For a long time it remained the preserve of a small intellectual elite, and had to compete with rival trends of thought, old and new. In the so-called 'Age of the Renaissance and Reformation' which conventionally begins c.1450, it can only be described as a minority interest. Joplin (overleg) 12 jan 2013 00:01 (CET)
2. Roorda, D.J., Buisman, J.W., Burger, J.E.J.M. et al. (1983): Overzicht van de nieuwe geschiedenis. De algemene geschiedenis van het einde der middeleeuwen tot 1870, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.
   1. In zijn historiografische inleiding bij hoofdstuk 1 'De renaissance' schrijft Roorda, na een schets van het ontstaan van het begrip renaissance (humanisten, Burckhart, de kritiek daarop van Huizinga, de mediëvisten enz.) als conclusie: "Bij de herleving van kunsten en letteren in Italië mag slechts een relatief kleine groep persoonlijkheden betrokken zijn geweest, toch is het een realiteit die belangrijke gevolgen zou hebben." Hij houdt verder de kerk in het midden en heeft het nergens over de Renaissance als historische periode. De verdeling van onderwerpen bij het hoofdstuk over de Renaissance laten een evenwichtige verdeling zien. In het gedeelte over de verbreiding van de renaissance kleurt hij nergens buiten de lijntjes van Europa (Italië, Frankrijk, Engeland, Duitsland, Iberisch schiereiland,...) Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 14:29 (CET)
3. Geschiedenis van Europa (Malmberg/Van In; 1992):
   1. Begint na de middeleeuwen met het hoofdstuk "Ontwikkelingen in de cultuur", waarin ook de Italiaanse renaissance wordt behandeld. Dan volgen onder meer enkele hoofdstukken over de grote ontdekkingsreizen. Neemt dus geen standpunt in: de voorzichtige aanpak, die Renaissance niet noemt als historische periode. Beachcomber (overleg) 11 jan 2013 15:14 (CET)
4. Palmer, R.R., Colton, J. en Kramer, L. (2007): A history of the modern world
   1. De auteurs wijden in het hoofdstuk The Upheavel of Western Christendom 1300-1560 twee paragrafen aan de Renaissance: The Renaissance in Italy en The Renaissance outside Italy. Ik vat de inhoud hier maar even samen als zijnde de gebruikelijke culturele aspecten. Andere paragrafen in het betreffende hoofdstuk: Disasters of the Fourteenth Century, The New Monarchies, The Protestant Reformation en Catholicism Reformed an Reorganized.
   2. pagina 56The basic institutions of Europe, the distinctive languages and national cultures, the great frameworks of collective action in law, government, and economic production - all originated in the Middle Ages. But the Renaissance marked a new era in thought and feeling, by which Europe and its institutions were in the long run to be transformed. The origins of modern natural science can be traced more to the medieval universities than to the Renaissance thinkers. But it was in the Italy of the Quattrocento (as the Italians call the fifteenth century) that other fields of thought and expression were first cultivated. The Italian influence in other countries, in these respects, remained very strong for at least 200 years. It pertained to high culture, and hence to a limited number of persons, but extended over the whole area represented by literature and the arts - literature meaning all kinds of writing and the arts including all products of human skill. Joplin (overleg) 12 jan 2013 18:16 (CET)

Onderwerpspecifieke literatuur

1. Burke, Peter (1998) The European Renaissance. Centres and Peripheries (Peter Burke is een Renaissance-specialist en pionier op het gebied van de cultuurgeschiedenis)
   1. Over de scope van het boek: The emphasis will fall on the Renaissance as a movement rather than as an event or a period. This is not a general history of Europe between 1430 and 1630. It is not even a cultural history of Europe at a time when the Reformations, Protestant and Catholic, probably affected the lives of more people more deeply than the Renaissance did. It is a history of a cultural movement which - simplifying brutally - we may describe as beginning with Petrarch and ending with Descartes. Joplin (overleg) 12 jan 2013 00:01 (CET)
2. Jansen, H.P.H.) (2007) Geschiedenis van de Middeleeuwen
   1. pagina 528 :Het begrip 'rinascità' (wedergeboorte) werd omstreeks 1550 ingevoerd, toen de schilder Vasari de levens beschreef van 'de meest uitmuntende schilders, beeldhouwers en architecten'. In 1860 verscheen J. Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, waarin het begrip cultuur werd opgevat als datgene wat bedoeld is om het leven te verfraaien, en de Renaissance als de periode uit de geschiedenis van Italië, de periode 1300-1500. Dit uitgebreide Renaissancebegrip heeft veel toepassing gevonden, maar uiteindelijk kwam kritiek, onder andere van J. Huizinga op de gehanteerde koppeling. Deelstudies toonden aan, dat er geen scherpe tegenstelling Middeleeuwen-Renaissance is geweest, zeker niet op alle door Burckhardt bedoelde terreinen. Tegenwoordig reserveert men de term Renaissance vrijwel uitsluitend voor de visuele kunsten, en onderscheidt daarvan het begrip humanisme om er het intellectuele klimaat mee aan te duiden, waarin de taal centraal stond, zoals we zagen. Joplin (overleg) 12 jan 2013 18:16 (CET)
3. M. Potjer en Maurits van Os Een Kennismaking Met De Geschiedenis Van De Nieuwe Tijd
   1. Dit is een handboek voor studenten. Hoofdstuk 3 is getiteld 'Renaissance, Reformatie en Contrareformatie'. In Italië ontwikkelde zich vanaf de veertiende eeuw een nieuwe stroming in de beeldende kunst die bekend geworden is onder de naam Renaissance. Haar tegenhanger op het gebied van taal-en letterkunde en de daaraan gekoppelde menswetenschappen noemen we het humanisme. Renaissance betekent oorspronkelijk wedergeboorte. Daarbij werd gedacht aan de beschaving van de Oudheid. Al spoedig kregen beide begrippen een bredere betekenis en gingen ze een bepaalde mentaliteit aanduiden, een levensbeschouwing. De historische betekenis van de Renaissance, nu opgevat als een begrip dat alle genoemde aspecten omsluit, bestaat hierin dat de cultuur nieuwe wegen insloeg, een nieuwe oriëntatie kreeg. Joplin (overleg) 12 jan 2013 18:16 (CET)
4. Najemy, John M. (ed.), Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300-1550.
   1. Najemy maakt in de introductie (Introduction:Italy and the Renaissance) duidelijk dat hij in dit boek kiest voor een geschiedenis van Italie, niet voor een geschiedenis van de Renaissance: "Italy's history encompasses more than the cultural Renaissance, and the Renaissance similarly extends beyond Italy in its ramifications and influences. But neither can be understood without the other. The chronological parameters of this volume coincide with a broad definition of the Renaissance in Italy, and one of our purposes is to raise the question of how the one is related to the other. In introducing the politics, society, religion, culture, economy, and intellectual history of Italy in these centuries, we seek to depict the environment in which the Renaissance occurred and some of its chief manifestations. But this is a history of Italy in the period of the Renaissance, not a history of the Renaissance." De bijdragen in dit boek zijn van verschillende auteurs en behandelen allerlei aspecten van de samenleving uit die tijd: 1. Education and the emergence of a literate society; 2.Humanism and the lure of antiquity; 3. Religion and the Church; 4. Family and marriage: a socio-legal perspective; 5. Bodies, disease, and society; 6. The economy: work and wealth; 7. The popolo; 8.The power of the elites: family, patronage, and the state; 9. Governments and governance; 10. The South; 11. Representations of power; 12. Rethinking the Renaissance in the aftermath of Italy's crisis. Beachcomber (overleg) 27 jul 2013 15:54 (CEST)
5. Martin, John Jeffries (ed) (2007) The Renaissance World [link]
   1. Dit lijvige boek is een verzameling artikelen van 34 historici, kunsthistorici en 'students of literature'. Uit de introductie: This book views the Renaisssance largely as a movement in intellectual, artistic, and scientific practices that, beginning in the mid-fourteenth century, were to prove enormously consequential not only to Europe but, eventually, throughout the world. The essays gathered here include studies not only of elite culture - of art and humanism - but also of European society more broadly. The goal of this volume, in short, is to offer a series of portraits of the Renaissance both as a movement and 'in movement', dynamically connected to upheavals as well as to more gradual transformations in the economic, social, political, and religious realms - in short, to convey some sense of the Renaissance world. Joplin (overleg) 14 jan 2013 21:52 (CET)

Inhoudsopgave 

Introduction
The Renaissance: A World in Motion John Jeffries Martin
Part I: Three Preludes
1. Rome at the Center of a Civilization, Ingrid Rowland
2. Framing and Mirroring the World, Lyle Massey
3. The Black Death, Tragedy, and Transformation, Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.

Part II: A World in Motion 4. The Manufacture and Movement of Goods, Joanne M. Ferraro
5. Cities, Towns, and New Forms of Culture, Alexander Cowan
6. European Expansion and a New Order of Knowledge, Francisco Bethencourt
7. The Invention of Europe, John A. Marino
8. Humanity, Anthony Grafton

Part III: The Movement of Ideas
9. The Circulation of Knowledge, Peter Burke
10. Virgil and Homer in Poland, Michael Tworek
11. Montaigne in Italy, François Rigolot
12. "Shared Studies Foster Friendship:" Humanism and History in Spain, Katherine Elliot van Liere
13. Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas More: Parallel Lives, David Harris Sacks

Part IV: The Circulation of Power
14. Courts, Art, and Power, Malcolm Vale
15. An Imperial Renaissance, Thomas Dandelet
16. Renaissance Triumphalism in Art, Randolph Starn
17. The Ottoman Empire, Daniel Goffman
18. Religious Authority and Ecclesiastical Governance, Constantin Fasolt
19. Mothers and Children, Caroline Castiglione
20. The Renaissance Goes Up in Smoke, Robert C. Davis

Part V: Making Identities
21. Human Exceptionalism, Kenneth Gouwens
22. Worthy of Faith? Authors and Readers in Early Modernity, Albert Russell Ascoli
23. The Renaissance Portrait: From Resemblance to Representation, Bronwen Wilson
24. Objects and Identity: Antonio de Medici and the Casino at San Marco in Florence, Jacqueline Marie Musacchio
25. Food: Pietro Aretino and the Art of Conspicuous Consumption, Douglas Biow
26. Shakespeare's Dream of Retirement, David Bevington
Part VI: Beliefs and Reforms 27. Speaking Books, Moving Images, Meredith J. Gill
28. Religious Minorities, N. S. Davidson
29. Humanism and the Dream of Christian Unity, Susan R. Boettcher

30. Christian Reform and its Discontents, Brad S. Gregory
31. A Tale of Two Tribunals, David Gentilcore
32. Christianity in Sixteenth-Century Brazil, Alida C. Metcalf
33. Toward a Sacramental Poetics, Regina Mara Schwartz

Part VII: A New Order of Knowledge

34. The Sun at the Center of the World, Paula Findlen

1. Hale, John (1993) The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance
   1. Het voorwoord begint als volgt: This book is concerned with the period of European history from around 1450 to 1620. No slice of historical time is self-contained. But what has usefully come to be referred to as the 'long' sixteenth century does have a coherence of its own. It was the first age in which the words 'Europe' and 'European' acquired a widely understood significance. It saw the emergence of a new and pervasive attitude to what were considered the most valued aspects of civilized life. It witnessed the most concentrated wave of intellectual and creative energy that had yet passed over the continent, with the culture of Renaissance Italy reaching its apogee and being absorbed or rebuffed by other vigorously developing national cultures. It was also a period in which there were such dramatic changes of fortune for better or worse - religious, political, economic and, through overseas discoveries, global - that more people than ever before saw their time as unique, referring to 'this new age', 'the present age', 'our age'; to one observer it was a 'blessed age', to another the 'worst age in history'.
      
   2. Iets verder gaat Hale in op zijn titelkeuze: I hope it will not be thought presumptuous that my title adapts that of a book of really seminal importance, Jacob Burckhardt's The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy in 1860. […] Simply thumbing its title is to be alerted to the dangers ahead. What precisely is meant by 'civilization' (Burckhardt's word was the even less definable 'Kultur')? How usefully descriptive is the term Renaissance? Deze vragen worden verder niet beantwoord. Joplin (overleg) 15 jan 2013 20:24 (CET)
      
2. Nicholas, Davis (1999) The Transformation of Europe 1300-1600
   1. Dit is een algemene geschiedenis van Europa in het tijdvak van de Renaissance. Nicholas staat nogal sceptisch ten opzichte van het verschijnsel. In de elf pagina's tellende introductie wordt pas op de zesde pagina ingegaan op de Renaissance: The late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries are associated also with important changes in intellectual life in Italy that would subsequently be adapted by northern Europeans. The 'Renaissance' was a rebirth of interest in the philological and rhetorical aspects of Greek and particular Roman culture. While during the Middle Ages classical models had been used and analysed in the context of contemporary legal problems and also of theology, a new appreciation developed in Italy of the achievements of the past in their own terms. Often, this appreciation was uncritical. The 'humanists' were essentially philogists who considerated the Latin language to be barbaric in the form in which it had developed since antiquity. Etc.
      
   2. Op pagina 147-148: The cultural developments associated with the Italian 'Renaissance' and the manner in which they were imitated in northern Europa are a leitmotiv of the history of this period. Much has been claimed for them. For a balanced assessment, we must move away from clichés such as 'modernity' and 'rebirth', and examine precisely what those changes were and how the changes themselves were adapted. We find that the Renaissance was really a backward-looking movement, rather than a progressive one, and that as the educational ideals of the Italian humanists came to dominate outside purely literary and artistic circles, they had a retardant impact in some areas, notably that of science. A conscious desire for 'rebirth' only occurs in the fields of art and literature, where there was an effort to emulate the distant past and denigrate the immediate past. Francesco Petrarca (Petrach) (1304-74) thought that a millennium of barbarism separated the Romans from his own achievement in recreating and carrying on with their civilization, but the dubious honour of coining the term 'Middle Age' for the intervening centuries belongs to Flavio Biondo (1392-1463).Part of the problem in evaluating the Renaissance is the lack of a workable definition of what it involved. The term is commonly used to mean the fourteenth, fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in Italy, the fifteenth and most of the sixteenth in the north. Yet any period of that length will obviously witness important changes. The real question is the extent to which those changes were merely time-conditioned and evolutionary, or truly revolutionary from a structural perspective. Joplin (overleg) 15 jan 2013 20:24 (CET)
3. The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance (1999) link
   1. Begin van de introductie: Grand claims have been made for what we have come to call 'the Renaissance.' It was, in many accounts, a thorough-going modernizing movement, when Europeans rediscovered their past and simultaneously found their own individuality: it was, as it were, the age when civilization progressed from monochrome to technicolour. But, defined like this, the Renaissance is an urbane myth. The mélange of cultural changes which occurred over the 15th and 16th centuries can not be reduced to a single term; nor are those centuries reducible to just those changes. The conventional interpretation of 'the Renaissance' underestimates the complexity -- and the excitement -- of two hundred years of European history. Joplin (overleg) 19 jan 2013 14:34 (CET)
4. Grendler, Paul F. (ed.) (1999) Encyclopedia of the Renaissance
   1. De introductie begint met Petrarca en zijn navolgers: By 1400 a group of Italian scholars and men from other walks of life had created an intellectual movement called humanism that was simultaneously ethical, philosophical, pedagogical and rhetorical. They had begun to transform European civilization. Over the next three centuries or so, a series of intellectual, artistic, political and social initiative that began in Italy about 1350 spread to the rest of Europe and to the wider world. These innovations had an enduring influence on modern civilization. The humanists and other men and women of the era believed that they were giving birth to a new age. They called it a renaissance, because they saw their own age as an rebirth of the best of the ancient world.
   2. Iets verder gaat het over de scope van de encyclopedie: Encyclopedia of the Renaissance presents a panoramic view of the cultural movement and the period of history called the Renaissance. The chronological coverage begins in Italy in approximately 1350, then broadens geographically to embrace the rest of Europe in the middle of the fifteenth century. [...] The chronological coverage of the Encyclopedia ends in the seventeenth century, again with a number of key transitional events. Politically, the eve of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and transformations of various monarchies in the first quarter of the century ushered in a new period in European political history. The artistic, intellectual, and literary Renaissance had mostly run its course by the early seventeenth century. Baoque art was different from Renaissance art and Galileo Galilei made philosophy and science different from what went before. The great revival of the learning of ancient Greece and Rome through humanism had been integrated into the curricula of European schools and universities. […] The conception behind the Encyclopedia is that the Renaissance was both a cultural movement and a period of history.
   3. De chronologische tijdlijn in de encyclopedie verdeelt de gebeurtenissen over zes kolommen. De kolomkopjes geven een beeld van de scope:
      1. Politics and society
      2. Religion
      3. Visual arts and Architecture
      4. Performing arts
      5. Literature, Humanism and Printing
      6. Philosophy, Science and Exploration Joplin (overleg) 19 jan 2013 14:34 (CET)
         
5. T. A. Brady jr., H. A. Oberman en J. D. Tracy (ed.) (1994) Handbook of European History 1400-1600, Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Volume I: structures and Assertions
   1. De inleiding begint met een bespreking van de Renaissance en de Reformatie in de historiografie en gaat vooral in op het feit dat ze werden gezien als een breuk tussen de Middeleeuwen en de Moderne Tijd. Het tweede kopje begint als volgt: Once "The Renaissance" and "The Reformation" are robbed of their explanatory power, what becomes of the centuries between 1400 and 1600? Do they slip quietly into the long sleep of what Emanuel Le Roy Ladurie has called "motionless history," rocked by the endless rhythms of the pre-industrial age? The most probable answer is that we can still have a Renaissance and a Reformation - more accuratly , Renaissances and Reformations - providing that we no longer force them to serve us as the turning point s from medieval to modern times. The concepts of retain their value for designating respectively the literature, classicizing, urban-based, culture of the lay elites and the great upheavel in the Christian Church. Today, one speaks of Renaissance and Reformation as movements - the influence of social history - but they are no longer grand categories of periodization.
   2. De scope is zeer breed, deel 1 van volume 1 gaat in op sociale en economische geschiedenis (Family, Household, and Community; Population, Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit; Aliens within: Jews and Antijudaism etc). Deel 2 van volume 1 bespreekt de geschiedenis van een aantal staten (Engeland, Frankrijk, de Nederlanden, het Ottomaanse Rijk) en gaat in op belastingen, staatsschuld en oorlog. Sir Iain _overleg 15 feb 2013 15:55 (CET)
6. E. H. Gombrich, The Renaissance: Period or Movement in JB Trapp (ed),Background to the English Renaissance: Introductory Lectures, 1974, pp.9-30.
   1. Ernst Gombrich's conclusie: What I think we can say, what I wanted to clarify a little, is that the Renaissance was not so much as "Age" as it was a movement. A "movement" is something that is proclaimed. It attracts fanatics, on the one hand, who can't tolerate anything that doesn't belong to it and hangers-on who come and go; there is a spectrum of intensity in any movement just as there are usually various factions or "wings." There are also opponents and plenty of neutral outsiders who have other worries. I think we can most effortlessly describe the Renaissance as a movement of this kind, but, needless to say, a description is not an explanation. What the historian would like to find out is rather what it was that made the Renaissance such a successful movement that it spread throughout Europe. Joplin (overleg) 27 jul 2013 15:10 (CEST)