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William Tyndale (en) ↓ 55.257
William Tyndale
Portret van Tyndale uit Foxe's Book of Martyrs door John Foxe[n 1]
Algemene informatie
Geboren tussen 1484 en 1496
Gloucestershire, Groot-Brittannië
Overleden 6 september 1536
Vilvoorde, België
Doodsoorzaak Geëxecuteerd door wurging en vervolgens verbrand op de brandstapel
Nationaliteit Brits
Religie Protestants
Beroep Theoloog, priester en Bijbelvertaler
Bekend van de eerste complete vertaling van de Bijbel in het Engels
Portaal  Portaalicoon   Christendom

William Tyndale ([ˈtɪndəl]?,[1] ook gespeld als William Tindale; Gloucestershire, 1484–96 — Vilvoorde, 6 september 1536) was een Engels theoloog, priester en Bijbelvertaler. Tyndale maakte de eerste complete vertaling van de Bijbel in het Engels vanuit het Grieks en Hebreeuws. Voorheen was de Bijbel vrijwel uitsluitend in het Latijn beschikbaar, maar dankzij Tyndale's vertaling werd de Bijbel toegankelijk gemaakt voor geletterde mensen uit alle lagen van de samenleving. Bovendien werd de basis gelegd voor latere vertalingen, zoals bijvoorbeeld de King James Version, die jarenlang de standaardbijbel bleef in Engeland.

William Tyndale kreeg veel kritiek op zijn vertaalwerk, maar bleef gedurende zijn gehele leven de gevolgen verdedigen die het had op het religieuze, sociale en intellectuele vlak. In 1535 werd hij gearresteerd en gevangengezet in het kasteel van Vilvoorde in België. In het jaar daarop werd hij na beschuldigd te zijn van hekserij geëxecuteerd.

Biografie[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

De familie Tyndale stond ook bekend onder de naam "Hychyns", een naam die William in zijn latere leven vaker gebruikte, bijvoorbeeld toen hij zich als William Hychyns liet inschrijven op de Magdalen Grammar School te Oxford.[2] Ergens in de 15e eeuw vertrok de familie vanuit Northumberland via East Anglia naar Gloucestershire, mogelijk vanwege de Rozenoorlogen die in de streek woedde.

William Tyndale werd geboren in de periode tussen 1484 en 1496 in Melksham Court, een dorp in Gloucestershire vlakbij Dursley. Het meest geaccepteerde geboortejaar is 1495, maar Tyndale kan niet later zijn geboren dan het jaar 1496. Hij haalde zijn Master of Arts namelijk in 1515 en moest daarvoor minimaal twintig jaar oud zijn.[3]

Tyndale's brother, Edward, was receiver to the lands of Lord Berkeley as attested to in a letter by Bishop Stokesley of London.[4]

Tyndale is recorded in two genealogies[5][6] as having been the brother of Sir William Tyndale, of Deane, Northumberland, and Hockwald, Norfolk, who was knighted at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon. Tyndale's family was thus derived from Baron Adam de Tyndale, a tenant-in-chief of Henry I (see Tyndall). William Tyndale's niece, Margaret Tyndale, was married to the Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor, burnt during the Marian Persecutions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}


In Oxford[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

Tyndale began a Bachelor of Arts degree at Magdalen Hall (later Hertford College) of Oxford University in 1506 and received his B.A. in 1512; the same year becoming a subdeacon. He was made Master of Arts in July 1515 and was held to be a man of virtuous disposition, leading an unblemished life.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=11}} The M.A. allowed him to start studying theology, but the official course did not include the systematic study of Scripture. As Tyndale later complained:

They have ordained that no man shall look on the Scripture, until he be noselled in heathen learning eight or nine years and armed with false principles, with which he is clean shut out of the understanding of the Scripture.

— William Tyndale

A gifted linguist, over the years he became fluent in French, Greek, Hebrew, German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, in addition to English.{{Sfn |Daniell |1994 |p=18}} Between 1517 and 1521, he went to the University of Cambridge. Erasmus had been the leading teacher of Greek there from August 1511 to January 1512, but not during Tyndale's time at the university.{{Sfn |Daniell |2001 |pp=49–50}}

Sculpted Head of William Tyndale from St Dunstan-in-the-West Church, London

Tyndale became chaplain at the home of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury and tutor to his children around 1521. His opinions proved controversial to fellow clergymen, and the next year he was summoned before John Bell, the Chancellor of the Diocese of Worcester, although no formal charges were laid at the time.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=28}} After the harsh meeting with Bell and other church leaders, and near the end of Tyndale's time at Little Sodbury, John Foxe describes an argument with a "learned" but "blasphemous" clergyman, who had asserted to Tyndale that, "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's." Tyndale responded: "I defy the Pope, and all his laws; and if God spares my life, ere many years, I will cause the boy that driveth the plow to know more of the Scriptures than thou dost!"[7][8]

Tyndale left for London in 1523 to seek permission to translate the Bible into English. He requested help from Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, a well-known classicist who had praised Erasmus after working together with him on a Greek New Testament. The bishop, however, declined to extend his patronage, telling Tyndale he had no room for him in his household.[9] Tyndale preached and studied "at his book" in London for some time, relying on the help of a cloth merchant, Humphrey Monmouth. During this time he lectured widely, including at St Dunstan-in-the-West.

In Europa[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

Tyndale left England and landed on the continent, perhaps at Hamburg, in the spring of 1524, possibly traveling on to Wittenberg. The entry of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia“ in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg has been taken to be a Latinization of "William Tyndale from England".[10] At this time, possibly in Wittenberg, he began translating the New Testament, completing it in 1525, with assistance from Observant friar William Roy.

The beginning of the Gospel of John, from Tyndale's 1525 translation of the New Testament.

In 1525, publication of the work by Peter Quentell, in Cologne, was interrupted by the impact of anti-Lutheranism. It was not until 1526 that a full edition of the New Testament was produced by the printer Peter Schoeffer in Worms, a free imperial city then in the process of adopting Lutheranism.[11] More copies were soon printed in Antwerp. The book was smuggled into England and Scotland, and condemned in October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers and had copies burned in public.[12] Marius notes that the "spectacle of the scriptures being put to the torch" "provoked controversy even amongst the faithful."[12] Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as a heretic, his first mention in open court being named a heretic in January 1529.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=177}}

From an entry in George Spalatin's Diary, on 11 August 1526, Tyndale apparently remained at Worms for about a year. It is not clear exactly when he moved to Antwerp. The colophon to Tyndale's translation of Genesis and the title pages of several pamphlets from this time are purported to have been printed by Hans Luft at Marburg, but this is a false address. Hans Luft, the printer of Luther's books, never had a printing press at Marburg.[13]

Around 1529, it is possible that Tyndale intended to move to Hamburg, carrying on his work. He revised his New Testament and began translating the Old Testament and writing various treatises. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

In 1530, he wrote The Practyse of Prelates, opposing Henry VIII's planned divorce from Catherine of Aragon, in favour of Anne Boleyn, on the grounds that it was unscriptural and was a plot by Cardinal Wolsey to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of Pope Clement VII.[14] The king's wrath was aimed at Tyndale: Henry asked the Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the Treaty of Cambrai; however, the Emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition.[15] Tyndale developed his case in An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

If God spare my life, ere many yeares I wyl cause a boy that driveth the plough to know more of the Scripture, than he doust.

— William Tyndale[16]

Overlijden[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

William Tyndale spreekt de woorden "Lord ope the king of England's eies" op de brandstapel in Vilvoorde, België[17]

Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips to the imperial authorities,[18] seized in Antwerp in 1535 and held in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) near Brussels.{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}} He was tried on a charge of heresy in 1536 and condemned to be burned to death, despite Thomas Cromwell's intercession on his behalf. Tyndale "was strangled to death while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned".[19] His final words, spoken "at the stake with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes."{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1229.jsp VIII. 1229]}} The traditional date of commemoration is 6 October, but records of Tyndale's imprisonment suggest the actual date of his execution might have been some weeks earlier.[20] Foxe gives 6 October as the date of commemoration (left-hand date column), but gives no date of death (right-hand date column).{{Sfn |Foxe |1570 |p=[http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/8_1570_1228.jsp VIII.1228]}}

Within four years, at the same king's behest, four English translations of the Bible were published in England,{{Efn |[[Miles Coverdale]]'s, [[Matthew Bible|Thomas Matthew]]'s, [[Richard Taverner]]'s, and the [[Great Bible]].}} including Henry's official Great Bible. All were based on Tyndale's work.

Werken[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

William Tyndale was vooral bekend om zijn Bijbelvertalingen, maar heeft daarnaast ook een groot aantal werken geschreven en gepubliceerd. Hierin zette hij zijn religieuze opvattingen omtrent de uitleg van de Bijbel uiteen en becommentarieerde hij politieke zaken.

  • The New Testament (incomplete vertaling), uitgegeven in 1525 te Keulen, Duitsland
  • The New Testament (complete vertaling), uitgegeven in 1526 te Worms, Duitsland[n 2]
  • A compendious introduction, voorwoord bij Paulus' brief aan de Romeinen, uitgegeven in 1526
  • The parable of the wicked mammon, uitgegeven in 1528 te Antwerpen, België
  • The Obedience of a Christen Man (and how Christen rulers ought to govern...), uitgegeven in 1528 door Merten de Keyser te Antwerpen, België
  • The five books of Moses [the Pentateuch] (vertaling), uitgegeven in 1530 door Merten de Keyser te Antwerpen, België[n 2]
  • The practice of prelates, uitgegeven in 1530 door Merten de Keyser te Antwerpen, België
  • The exposition of the first epistle of saint John met voorwoord, uitgegeven in 1531 door Merten de Keyser te Antwerpen, België
  • The prophet Jonah (vertaling), vermoedelijk uitgegeven in 1531 door Merten de Keyser te Antwerpen, België

| 1531 | An answer into Sir Thomas More's dialogue | | |- | 1533? | An exposicion upon the. v. vi. vii. chapters of Mathew | | |- | 1533 | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis Christiani Translation | | |- | 1534 | The New Testament Translation (thoroughly revised, with a second foreword against George Joye's unauthorised changes in an edition of Tyndale's New Testament published earlier in the same year) | Antwerp | Merten de Keyser |- | 1535 | The testament of master Wylliam Tracie esquire, expounded both by W. Tindall and J. Frith | | |- | 1536? | A path way into the holy scripture | | |- | 1537 | The bible, which is all the holy scripture Translation (only in part Tyndale's) | | |- | 1548? | A brief declaration of the sacraments | | |- | 1573 | The whole works of W. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, edited by John Foxe | | |- | 1848[n 2] | Doctrinal Treatises and Introductions to Different Portions of the Holy Scriptures, edited by Henry Walter[21] | | Tindal, Frith, Barnes |- | 1849[n 2] | Expositions and Notes on Sundry Portions of the Holy Scriptures Together with the Practice of Prelates, edited by Henry Walter[21] | | |- | 1850[n 2] | An Answer to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and I Cor. XI., and William Tracy's Testament Expounded, edited by Henry Walter[21] | | |- | 1964[n 2] | The Work of William Tyndale | | |- | 1989[n 3] | Tyndale's New Testament | | |- | 1992[n 3] | Tyndale's Old Testament | | |- | Forthcoming | The Independent Works of William Tyndale | | |}


Nalatenschap[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

Arduinen gedenkteken voor William Tyndale in Vilvoorde


Populaire cultuur[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

Films about Tyndale==
  • The first biographical film about Tyndale, titled William Tindale, was released in 1937.[22]
  • The second, titled God's Outlaw: The Story of William Tyndale, was released in 1986.
  • A cartoon film about his life, titled Torchlighters: The William Tyndale Story, was released ca. 2005.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
  • The film Stephen's Test of Faith (1998) includes a long scene with Tyndale, how he translated the Bible and how he was put to death.[23]
  • The documentary film, William Tyndale: Man with a Mission, was released ca. 2005. The movie included an interview with David Daniell.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
  • Another known documentary is the film William Tyndale: His Life, His Legacy.[24]
  • The 2-hour Channel 4 documentary, The Bible Revolution, presented by Rod Liddle, details the roles of historically significant English Reformers John Wycliffe, William Tyndale, and Thomas Cranmer.
  • The "Battle for the Bible" (2007) episode of the PBS Secrets of the Dead series, narrated by Liev Schreiber, features Tyndale's story and legacy and includes historical context. This film is an abbreviated and revised version of the PBS/Channel 4 version, and replaces some British footage with that more relevant to American audiences.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}
  • In 2011, BYUtv produced a miniseries on the creation of the King James Bible that focused heavily on Tyndale's life called Fires of Faith.[25][26]
  • 2013, The Most Dangerous Man in Tudor England, BBC Two, 60 minute documentary written and presented by Melvyn Bragg[27]

Zie ook[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]

Zie de categorie William Tyndale van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
Wikiquote heeft een of meer citaten van of over William Tyndale.


Categorie:Brits theoloog Categorie:Brits rooms-katholiek priester Categorie:Engels geëxecuteerd persoon Categorie:Protestants persoon Categorie:Vertaler naar het Engels Categorie:Bijbelvertaler Categorie:Martelaar

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10096770/Melvyn-Bragg-on-William-Tyndale-his-genius-matched-that-of-Shakespeare.html


William Tyndale, ook William of Tindale gespeld, studeerde in Oxford aan de Magdalen Grammar School, ging vervolgens theologie volgen en werd in 1517 tot priester gewijd. Hij interesseerde zich voor het humanisme, kwam in contact met de geschriften van Maarten Luther en stuitte daardoor op tegenstand van de geestelijkheid. In 1525 reisde hij naar Keulen, Worms en Marburg waar hij het Nieuwe Testament in het Engels vertaalde, dat in 1526 te Worms verscheen. Aan zijn wijze van vertalen en ook aan zijn aantekeningen is de invloed van Luthers leer duidelijk te merken. In Engeland verzette de geestelijkheid zich hevig tegen de vertaling van de Bijbel. Uit het vasteland binnengesmokkelde exemplaren werden in beslag genomen en verbrand. Met Thomas More had Tyndale een briefwisseling over de voornaamste reformatorische strekkingen. Steeds op de vlucht voor de katholieke geestelijkheid, werkte hij ten slotte te Antwerpen, waar hij bij Merten de Keyser een herziening van zijn Nieuwe Testament (1534), een vertaling van de Pentateuch en verscheidene theologische geschriften het licht liet zien. Vanuit Antwerpen kon hij het vervoer van zijn boeken verzorgen, een onthaaldienst voor Engelse vluchtelingen organiseren en de politieke verwikkelingen in Engeland op de voet volgen via informanten.

Andere geschriften van Tyndales hand zijn: ‘Inleiding tot de brief van de Romeinen’, ‘The Parable of the Wicked Mammon’ en ‘The Obedience of a Christian Man’ dat bij de Antwerpse drukker Jan Hoochstraaten (pseudoniem Hans Lufft) werd uitgegeven. Ook de Pentateuchvertaling van Tyndale kwam bij deze drukker tot stand en werd naar Engeland verscheept.

Bij de Inquisitie aangebracht door de Engelse bisschop Stokesley, werd hij in Antwerpen gevangengenomen en wachtte hem in Vilvoorde de marteldood door wurging en verbranding. Een gedenksteen in deze stad en een klein museum ‘William Tyndale’ bij de protestantse kerk aldaar (Lange Molensstraat 58) herinneren aan zijn levenswerk en zijn gewelddadige dood als martelaar. Van Tyndales uitstekende vertaalwerk is veel in latere Engelse bijbeluitgaven bewaard gebleven, met name ook in de King Jamesbijbel.

Geraadpleegde werken ==
  • William Tyndale; Rob Camphyn; Uitgave VPKB Vilvoorde.
  • Beknopt leerboek der kerkgeschiedenis; Dr H. Berkhof & Dr N.M.H. Van der Burg
  • Handboek van de geschiedenis van het christendom in woord en beeld; J.N. Voorhoeve –Den Haag


inleiding

William Tyndale ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|n|d|əl}};[1] sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English. He was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus, who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe, and by Martin Luther.[2] While a number of partial and incomplete translations had been made from the seventh century onward, the spread of Wycliffe's Bible resulted in a death sentence for any unlicensed possession of Scripture in English—even though translations in all other major European languages had been accomplished and made available.[3][4] Tyndale's translation was the first English Bible to draw directly from Hebrew and Greek texts, the first English one to take advantage of the printing press, and first of the new English Bibles of the Reformation. It was taken to be a direct challenge to the hegemony of both the Roman Catholic Church and the laws of England to maintain the church's position. In 1530, Tyndale also wrote The Practyse of Prelates, opposing Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon on the grounds that it contravened Scripture.

Reuchlin's Hebrew grammar was published in 1506. Tyndale worked in an age in which Greek was available to the European scholarly community for the first time in centuries. Erasmus compiled and edited Greek Scriptures into the Textus Receptus—ironically, to improve upon the Latin Vulgate—following the Renaissance-fueling Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dispersion of Greek-speaking intellectuals and texts into a Europe which previously had access to none. When a copy of The Obedience of a Christian Man fell into the hands of Henry VIII, the king found the rationale to break the Church in England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534.{{Sfn |Daniell |Noah |c. 2004}}{{Sfn |Daniell |1994}}{{Page needed |date=June 2014}}

In 1535, Tyndale was arrested and jailed in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) outside Brussels for over a year. In 1536 he was convicted of heresy and executed by strangulation, after which his body was burnt at the stake. His dying request that the King of England's eyes would be opened seemed to find its fulfillment just two years later with Henry's authorization of The Great Bible for the Church of England—which was largely Tyndale's own work. Hence, the Tyndale Bible, as it was known, continued to play a key role in spreading Reformation ideas across the English-speaking world and, eventually, to the British Empire.

In 1611, the 54 scholars who produced the King James Bible drew significantly from Tyndale, as well as from translations that descended from his. One estimate suggests the New Testament in the King James Version is 83% Tyndale's and the Old Testament 76%.[5] With his translation of the Bible the first to be printed in English, and a model for subsequent English translations, in 2002, Tyndale was placed at number 26 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[6][7]


Theological views==

Tyndale denounced the practice of prayer to saints.[8] He taught justification by faith, the return of Christ, and mortality of the soul.[9]

Legacy==
Impact on the English language===

In translating the Bible, Tyndale introduced new words into the English language, and many were subsequently used in the King James Bible:

  • Passover (as the name for the Jewish holiday, Pesach or Pesah)
  • Jesus Birth (the holiday of Christmas){{Citation needed |date=June 2014}}

Coinage of the word atonement (a concatenation of the words 'At One' to describe Christ's work of restoring a good relationship—a reconciliation—between God and people)[10] is also sometimes ascribed to Tyndale.[11][12] However, the word was probably in use by at least 1513, before Tyndale's translation.[13][14] Similarly, sometimes Tyndale is said to have coined the term mercy seat.[15] While it is true that Tyndale introduced the word into English, mercy seat is more accurately a translation of Martin Luther's German Gnadenstuhl.[16]

As well as individual words, Tyndale also coined such familiar phrases as:

  • lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil
  • knock and it shall be opened unto you
  • twinkling of an eye (another translation from Luther)[15]
  • a moment in time
  • fashion not yourselves to the world
  • seek and you shall find
  • eat, drink and be merry
  • ask and it shall be given you
  • judge not that you not be judged
  • the word of God which liveth and lasteth forever
  • let there be light
  • the powers that be
  • my brother's keeper
  • the salt of the earth
  • a law unto themselves
  • filthy lucre
  • it came to pass
  • gave up the ghost
  • the signs of the times
  • the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak (which is like Luther's translation of Mathew 26,41: der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach; Wyclif for example translated it with: for the spirit is ready, but the flesh is sick.)
  • live and move and have our being
  • fight the good fight
Controversy over new words and phrases====

The hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church did not approve of some of the words and phrases introduced by Tyndale, such as "overseer", where it would have been understood as "bishop", "elder" for "priest", and "love" rather than "charity". Tyndale, citing Erasmus, contended that the Greek New Testament did not support the traditional Roman Catholic readings. More controversially, Tyndale translated the Greek "ekklesia", (literally "called out ones"[17]) as "congregation" rather than "church".{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=72}} It has been asserted this translation choice "was a direct threat to the Church's ancient—but so Tyndale here made clear, non-scriptural—claim to be the body of Christ on earth. To change these words was to strip the Church hierarchy of its pretensions to be Christ's terrestrial representative, and to award this honour to individual worshipers who made up each congregation."{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=72}}

Contention from Roman Catholics came not only from real or perceived errors in translation but also a fear of the erosion of their social power if Christians could read the Bible in their own language. "The Pope's dogma is bloody", Tyndale wrote in The Obedience of a Christian Man.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=152}} Thomas More (since 1935 in the Roman Catholic Church, Saint Thomas More) commented that searching for errors in the Tyndale Bible was similar to searching for water in the sea, and charged Tyndale's translation of TheObedience of a Christian Man with having about a thousand falsely translated errors. Bishop Tunstall of London declared that there were upwards of 2,000 errors in Tyndale's Bible, having already in 1523 denied Tyndale the permission required under the Constitutions of Oxford (1409), which were still in force, to translate the Bible into English.

In response to allegations of inaccuracies in his translation in the New Testament, Tyndale in the Prologue to his 1525 translation wrote that he never intentionally altered or misrepresented any of the Bible in his translation, but that he had sought to "interpret the sense of the scripture and the meaning of the spirit."{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=72}}

While translating, Tyndale followed Erasmus' (1522) Greek edition of the New Testament. In his preface to his 1534 New Testament ("WT unto the Reader"), he not only goes into some detail about the Greek tenses but also points out that there is often a Hebrew idiom underlying the Greek. The Tyndale Society adduces much further evidence to show that his translations were made directly from the original Hebrew and Greek sources he had at his disposal. For example, the Prolegomena in Mombert's William Tyndale's Five Books of Moses show that Tyndale's Pentateuch is a translation of the Hebrew original. His translation also drew on the Latin Vulgate and Luther's 1521 September Testament.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |p=72}}

Of the first (1526) edition of Tyndale's New Testament only three copies survive. The only complete copy is part of the Bible Collection of Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. The copy of the British Library is almost complete, lacking only the title page and list of contents. Another rarity of Tyndale's is the Pentateuch of which only nine remain.

Impact on the English Bible===

The translators of the Revised Standard Version in the 1940s noted that Tyndale's translation inspired the translations that followed, including the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560, the Bishops' Bible of 1568, the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582–1609, and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale". Many scholars today believe that such is the case. Moynahan writes: "A complete analysis of the Authorised Version, known down the generations as "the AV" or "the King James" was made in 1998. It shows that Tyndale's words account for 84% of the New Testament and for 75.8% of the Old Testament books that he translated.{{Sfn |Moynahan |2003 |pp=1–2}} Joan Bridgman makes the comment in the Contemporary Review that, "He [Tyndale] is the mainly unrecognised translator of the most influential book in the world. Although the Authorised King James Version is ostensibly the production of a learned committee of churchmen, it is mostly cribbed from Tyndale with some reworking of his translation."[18]

Many of the English versions since then have drawn inspiration from Tyndale, such as the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Bible, and the English Standard Version. Even the paraphrases like the Living Bible have been inspired by the same desire to make the Bible understandable to Tyndale's proverbial ploughboy.[19][20]

George Steiner in his book on translation After Babel refers to "the influence of the genius of Tyndale, the greatest of English Bible translators..." [After Babel p. 366]. He has also appeared as a character in two plays dealing with the King James Bible, Howard Brenton's Anne Boleyn (2010) and David Edgar's Written on the Heart (2011).

Memorials===

A memorial to Tyndale stands in Vilvoorde, where he was executed. It was erected in 1913 by Friends of the Trinitarian Bible Society of London and the Belgian Bible Society[21] There is also a small William Tyndale Museum in the town, attached to the Protestant church.[22]

A bronze statue by Sir Joseph Boehm commemorating the life and work of Tyndale was erected in Victoria Embankment Gardens on the Thames Embankment, London in 1884. It shows his right hand on an open Bible, which is itself resting on an early printing press.

The Tyndale Monument was built in 1866 on a hill above his supposed birthplace, North Nibley, Gloucestershire.

A stained-glass window commemorating Tyndale was made in 1911 for the British and Foreign Bible Society by James Powell. In 1994, when the Society moved their offices, the window was reinstalled in the chapel of Hertford College, Oxford. Tyndale was at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, which became Hertford College in 1874. The window depicts a full-length portrait of Tyndale, a cameo of a printing shop in action, some words of Tyndale, the opening words of Genesis in Hebrew, the opening words of John's Gospel in Greek, and the names of other pioneering Bible translators. The portrait is based on the oil painting that hangs in the college's dining hall.

A number of colleges, schools and study centres have been named in his honour, including Tyndale House (Cambridge), Tyndale University College and Seminary (Toronto), the Tyndale-Carey Graduate School affiliated to the Bible College of New Zealand, William Tyndale College (Farmington Hills, Michigan), and Tyndale Theological Seminary (Shreveport, Louisiana, and Fort Worth, Texas), the independent Tyndale Theological Seminary[23] in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tyndale Christian School in South Australia and Tyndale Park Christian School[24] in New Zealand.

An American Christian publishing house, also called Tyndale House, was named after Tyndale.

A life sized bronze statue of a seated William Tyndale at work on his translation by Lawrence Holofcener (2000) was placed in the Millennium Square, Bristol, United Kingdom. In 2008, vandals attacked the statue,[25] which was taken away, repaired, and reinstalled.

Liturgical commemoration===

By tradition Tyndale's death is commemorated on 6 October.[26] There are commemorations on this date in the church calendars of members of the Anglican Communion, initially as one of the "days of optional devotion" in the American Book of Common Prayer (1979),[27] and a "black-letter day" in the Church of England's Alternative Service Book.[28] The Common Worship that came into use in the Church of England in 2000 provides a collect proper to 6 October, beginning with the words:

Lord, give your people grace to hear and keep your word that, after the example of your servant William Tyndale, we may not only profess your gospel but also be ready to suffer and die for it, to the honour of your name;

See the List of Anglican Church Calendars.

Tyndale is also honoured in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a translator and martyr the same day.


Tyndale's pronunciation==

Tyndale was writing at the beginning of the Early Modern English period. His pronunciation must have differed in its phonology from that of Shakespeare at the end of the period. The linguist David Crystal has made a transcription and a sound recording of Tyndale's translation of the whole of Saint Matthew's Gospel in what he believes to be the pronunciation of the day, using the term "original pronunciation". The recording has been published by The British Library on two compact discs with an introductory essay by Crystal.[29]


'bronnen
  • (2002). Tyndale's Testament (hardback) (Brepols). .
  • Cahill, Elizabeth Kirkl (1997). A bible for the plowboy. Commonweal 124. .
  • Daniell, David (1994). William Tyndale: A Biography (Yale University Press). .
  • Daniell, David (2001). William Tyndale: A Biography (Yale University Press). .
  • Daniell, David (2004). William Tyndale (Oxford University Press). .
  • Daniell, David (interviewee), Noah, William H. (producer/researcher/host) (c. 2004). William Tyndale: his life, his legacy (Avalon). .
  • Day, John T (1993). Dictionary of Literary Biography 1: 296–311. .
  • Foxe, John (1570). Book of Martyrs Variorum (HRI). .
  • Adapted from Mombert, JI (1904). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (Funk & Wagnalls). , online by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Additional references are available there.
  • Moynahan, Brian (2003). William Tyndale: If God Spare my Life (Abacus). .
  • Moynahan, Brian (2003). God's Bestseller: William Tyndale, Thomas More, and the Writing of the English Bible—A Story of Martyrdom and Betrayal (St. Martin's Press). .
  • Piper, John. Why William Tyndale Lived and Died (Desiring God Ministries). .
  • (2006). The Norton Anthology: English Literature. .
  • {{Schaff-Herzog |William Tyndale}}
  • Tyndale, William (2000). An Answer Unto Sir Thomas Mores Dialoge (Catholic University of America Press). .
  • Tyndale, William (2000). The New Testament (The British Library). .
  • Tyndale, William (1989). The New Testament (Yale University Press).
  • (20 december 2008). William Tyndale: A hero for the information age: 101–3. . The online version corrects the name of Tyndale's Antwerp landlord as "Thomas Pointz" vice the "Henry Pointz" indicated in the print ed.
  • Werrell, Ralph S. The Theology of William Tyndale (James Clarke & Co). .

{{Refend}}

Further reading==
  • McGoldrick, James Edward (1979). Luther's English Connection: the Reformation Thought of Robert Barnes and [of] William Tyndale (Northwestern). .
Externe links

{{EB1911 poster|Tyndale, William}}

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