Isotopen van thallium
Uiterlijk
Het chemisch element thallium (Tl), met een atoommassa van 204,3833(2) u, bezit 2 stabiele isotopen: 203Tl en 205Tl, waarvan de laatste het meest abundant is (ongeveer 70,5%). De 36 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde). Alle stabiele isotopen worden ervan verdacht α-verval te ondergaan tot stabiele isotopen van goud. In de natuur komen ook sporen van de radio-isotopen 206Tl, 207Tl, 208Tl en 210Tl voor.
De kortstlevende isotoop van thallium is 176Tl, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 5,2 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 204Tl, met een halfwaardetijd van 3,78 jaar.
Overzicht
Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176,00059(21) | 5,2 ms | (3−, 4−, 5−) | ||||
177Tl | 81 | 100 | 176,996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | ||
α (zelden) | 173Au | ||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) µs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | ||||
α | 173Au | ||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177,99490(12) | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | |||
p (zelden) | 177Hg | ||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178,99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | ||
p (zelden) | 178Hg | ||||||||
179mTl | 860(30) keV | 1,60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | ||||
IT (zelden) | 179Tl | ||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179,98991(13) | 1,5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | |||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | ||||||||
β+, splijting (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr | ||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180,986257(10) | 3,2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+ | ||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1,7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2− | ||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181,98567(8) | 2,0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2− | ||
α (4%) | 178Au | ||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100) keV | 2,9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | ||||
β+ (zelden) | 182Hg | ||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140) keV | 10− | |||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182,982193(10) | 6,9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+ | ||
α (2%) | 179Au | ||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53,3(3) ms | IT (99,99%) | 183Tl | 9/2− | ||||
α (0,01%) | 179Au | ||||||||
183m2Tl | 976,8(3) keV | 1,48(10) µs | (13/2+) | ||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183,98187(5) | 9,7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2− | ||
184m1Tl | 100(100) keV | 10 s | β+ (97,9%) | 184Hg | 7+ | ||||
α (2,1%) | 180Au | ||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140) keV | > 20 ns | (10−) | ||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184,97879(6) | 19,5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+ | ||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||
185mTl | 452,8(20) keV | 1,93(8) s | IT (99,99%) | 185Tl | 9/2− | ||||
α (0,01%) | 181Au | ||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185,97833(20) | 40 s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | ||
α (0,006%) | 182Au | ||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27,5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | ||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2,9(2) s | (10−) | ||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186,975906(9) | ± 51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | ||
α (zelden) | 183Au | ||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15,60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | ||||
IT | 187Tl | ||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | ||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187,97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | ||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | ||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | ||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188,973588(12) | 2,3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | ||
189mTl | 257,6(13) keV | 1,4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | ||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | ||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189,97388(5) | 2,6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2− | ||
190m1Tl | 130(90) keV | 3,7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7+ | ||||
190m2Tl | 290(70) keV | 750(40) µs | (8−) | ||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70) keV | > 1 µs | 9− | ||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190,971786(8) | 20 min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | ||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5,22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2− | ||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191,97223(3) | 9,6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | ||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10,8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | ||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | ||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192,97067(12) | 21,6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2+ | ||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2,11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | ||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | ||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193,97120(15) | 33,0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | ||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | ||||||||
194mTl | 300(200) keV | 32,8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | ||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194,969774(15) | 1,16(5) uur | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | ||
195mTl | 482,63(17) keV | 3,6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | ||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195,970481(13) | 1,84(3) uur | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | ||
196mTl | 394,2(5) keV | 1,41(2) uur | β+ (95,5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | ||||
IT (4,5%) | 196Tl | ||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196,969575(18) | 2,84(4) uur | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | ||
197mTl | 608,22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | ||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197,97048(9) | 5,3(5) uur | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | ||
198m1Tl | 543,5(4) keV | 1,87(3) uur | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | ||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | ||||||||
198m2Tl | 687,2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | ||||||
198m3Tl | 742,3(4) keV | 32,1(10) ms | (10−) | ||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198,96988(3) | 7,42(8) uur | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | ||
199mTl | 749,7(3) keV | 28,4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | ||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199,970963(6) | 26,1(1) uur | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | ||
200m1Tl | 753,6(2) keV | 34,3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | ||||
200m2Tl | 762,0(2) keV | 0,33(5) µs | 5+ | ||||||
201Tl | 81 | 120 | 200,970819(16) | 72,912(17) uur | EV | 201Hg | 1/2+ | ||
201mTl | 919,50(9) keV | 2,035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | ||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201,972106(16) | 12,23(2) dagen | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | ||
202mTl | 950,19(10) keV | 572(7) µs | 7+ | ||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202,9723442(14) | stabiel | 1/2+ | 0,2952(1) | 0,29494 - 0,29528 | ||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7,7(5) µs | (25/2+) | ||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203,9738635(13) | 3,78(2) jaar | β− (97,1%) | 204Pb | 2− | ||
EV (2,9%) | 204Hg | ||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104,0(4) keV | 63(2) µs | 7+ | ||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2,6(2) µs | (12−) | ||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1,6(2) µs | (20+) | ||||||
205Tl | 81 | 124 | 204,9744275(14) | stabiel | 1/2+ | 0,7048(1) | 0,70472 - 0,70506 | ||
205m1Tl | 3290,63(17) keV | 2,6(2) µs | 25/2+ | ||||||
205m2Tl | 4835,6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2−) | ||||||
206Tl | 81 | 125 | 205,9761103(15) | 4,200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | sporen | |
206mTl | 2643,11(19) keV | 3,74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12−) | ||||
207Tl | 81 | 126 | 206,977419(6) | 4,77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | sporen | |
207mTl | 1348,1(3) keV | 1,33(11) s | IT (99,9%) | 207Tl | 11/2− | ||||
β− (0,1%) | 207Pb | ||||||||
208Tl | 81 | 127 | 207,9820187(21) | 3,053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | sporen | |
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208,985359(8) | 2,161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | (1/2+) | ||
210Tl | 81 | 129 | 209,990074(12) | 1,30(3) min | β− (99,991%) | 210Pb | (5+) | sporen | |
β−, n (0,009%) | 209Pb | ||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210,99348(22) | 1 min | 1/2+ | ||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211,99823(32) | 30 s | 5+ |
Overzicht van isotopen per element
1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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