Gebruiker:Magalhães/kladblok2
Artemio Panganiban[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
vertaling van Engelse wikipedia
Artemio V. Panganiban is de 21e en huidige opperrechter van het Filipijns hooggerechtshof.
Vroege levensloop en carrière[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Panganiban werd op 7 december 1936 geboren in Manilla in een arme familie. Zowel de Juan Luna Elementary School als de Mapa High School voltooide Panganiban met eer in respectievelijk 1950 en 1954. Hierna ging Panganiban studeren aan de Far Eastern University. In 1956 behaalde hij cum laude het diploma Associate in Arts en in 1960 ook cum laude een bachelor diploma rechten. Tijdens zijn studie aan de Far Eastern University werd hij uitgeroepen tot meest uitmuntende student. Tijdens de bar exams van 1960 behaalde hij het op vijf na beste resultaat.
Professional career[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Panganiban started as an Associate Lawyer and apprentice of Jovito Salonga at the Salonga, Ordoñez and Associates Law Office from 1961 to 1963. In 1963, he formed his own law firm (Panganiban, Benitez, Parlade, Africa and Barinaga Law Offices), which he headed until he joined the Supreme Court in 1995. He also became the vice president of the Legal Management Council of the Philippines from 1976 to 1977.
He taught law and political science at the Far Eastern University, Assumption Convent, and San Sebastian College from 1961 to 1970. He became a bank director of the International Corporate Bank (which is now owned by the Union Bank of the Philippines) from 1972 to 1974.
From 1978 to 1981 he was a consultant of the World Tourism Organization and was a honorary consul of the Republic of Honduras from 1981 to 1983. He was the president of Arpan Tourism Industries Corp. from 1974 to 1993 and Baron Travel Corporation from 1967 to 1993.
Panganiban was the Chief legal counsel of the Liberal Party from 1987 to 1991 and was president of the Philippine Daily Inquirer from 1991 to 1992.
As a legal counsel of the Manila Archdiocesan and Parochial Schools Association from 1991 to 1995, he was the only Filipino appointed by Pope John Paul II to the Pontifical Council for the Laity.
From May 1993 to October 1995, he was the vice president for legal affairs and general counsel of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry. He was also the governor of the Management Association of the Philippines and president of the Rotary Club of Manila.
Supreme Court[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Panganiban was named as associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1995. Justice Panganiban was the chairperson of the Supreme Court Third Division and the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET), as well as of seven SC committees involved mainly in judicial reforms. Described by a colleague (Justice Antonio T. Carpio) as “undoubtedly the most prolific writer of the Court, bar none” he has during the last ten years penned more than 1,000 full-length decisions and ten books plus several thousand minute resolutions disposing of controversies. These include the Cocofed case, in which the court gave the Presidential Commission on Good Government the right to vote sequestered United Coconut Planters Bank shares, which had been acquired through coco levy funds.
Role at the second EDSA revolution[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Panganiban was also known for his controversial role in helping install then Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as President in 2001 after the downfall of Joseph Estrada.
In his book "Reforming the Judiciary," Panganiban recounted that on the morning of January 20, 2001, militants had threatened to march toward Don Chino Roces (Mendiola) Bridge, where Estrada supporters were encamped, unless he resigned. Chaos could have ensued, especially because the government machinery had fallen down, Panganiban said in his book.
He also worried that the Vice President could not act because Estrada was still the legal leader. On the other hand, a coup d'état might be staged, and that could obliterate the Constitution. These led Panganiban to conclude that "the only way to avert violence, chaos and bloodshed and to save our democratic system from collapse was to have Mrs. Arroyo sworn in as President."
He added: "After prayer and reflection, I summoned the courage to call up Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. about 5:30 a.m. to explain to him my apprehensions. I proposed that, to save the Constitution, he should swear in GMA (Arroyo) by 12 noon of that day." Arroyo became President that day.
When the question of Arroyo's legitimacy arose, Davide and Panganiban inhibited themselves from the Supreme Court proceedings. On March 2, 2001, the court voted 13-0 to uphold Arroyo's ascension to the top post. A month later, the court again voted 13-0 to deny with finality Estrada's motion for reconsideration.
Chief Justice[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Op 20 december 2005 werd Panganiban president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo tot opperrechter benoemd nadat Hilario Davide Jr. op de leeftijd van 70 jaar met pensioen gegaan was. Andere kandidaten waren twee andere rechters van het hooggerechtshof Reynato Puno en Leonardo Quisumbing. Puno heeft een langere periode in het hooggerechtshof gezeten, maar Panganiban is de oudere van de twee.
Chief Justice Panganiban drew controversy for his remarks made in June of 2006 regarding the 1998 decision of the Supreme Court, in which he participated, affirming the death penalty imposed on Leo Echegaray. Echegaray, a convicted rapist was executed the following year in what was the first execution in the Philippines since the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. Panganiban, whose anti-death penalty views are well known, suggested that the Supreme Court may have committed "a judicial error" in executing Echegaray, as not all of the qualifying circumstances needed to promulgate a death conviction were actually established. [1] His remarks, coming at the heels of the passage by Congress of a law abolishing the death penalty, were criticized by death-penalty advocates and some newspaper editorials. [2] Calls were made in some quarters to indemnify the family of Echegaray.[3] Supporters of former President Joseph Estrada were also emboldened to demand that the Supreme Court likewise to correct its 2001 decision upholding the assumption to the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in lieu of Estrada.[4] Panganiban subsequently clarified that his remarks on the Echegaray decision were his own personal views and not that of the Supreme Court. [5]
Books[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
As his way of reporting on his magistracy, Justice Panganiban writes one book a year. He has authored the following:
- 1997 - Love God Serve Man; Justice and Faith
- 1998 - Battles in the Supreme Court
- 1999 - Leadership by Example
- 2000 - Transparency, Unanimity & Diversity
- 2001 - A Centenary of Justice
- 2002 - Reforming the Judiciary
- 2003 - The Bio Age Dawns on the Judiciary
- 2004 - Leveling the Playing Field
- 2005 - Judicial Renaissance.
The much awaited book would be his last in his career in the judiciary when he retires on December 7, 2006 when he reaches the age of 70.
Personal life[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Panganiban is getrouwd met Elenita, een professor en voormalige associate dean van de Asian Institute of Management. Samen hebben ze vijf kinderen, die allen afgestudeerd zijn aan vooraanstaande Amerikaanse universteiten.
External links[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Filipijnse statistieken[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Economie | |
|---|---|
| Inflatie | x,x% |
| BBP | y Filipijnse Peso (z US$) |
| Demografie | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | |
| Inwoners totaal1 | 60.703.000 | 68.616.000 | 76.504.000 |
| groei % jaar | 2,35 | 2,32 | 2,36 |
| man | 30.538.000 | 34.584.000 | 38.524.000 |
| vrouw | 30.165.000 | 34.032.000 | 37.980.000 |
1: bron: census.gov.ph (Philippines in Figures 2006)
Draco bimaculatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco bimaculatus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco bimaculatus Gönther, 1864 | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco bimaculatus is een hagedis uit de familie van de Agamen die alleen op de Filipijnen voorkomt.
Algemeen[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Verspreidingsgebied[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Deze soort komt voor in centraal en zuidelijk Filipijnen op de eilanden Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Jolo, Lapac, Leyte, Lugus, Mindanao, Ponson, Samar, Sanga Sanga, Siargao, Tawitawi, Zamboanga, Siasi enAgusan
bron: EMBL database
Voedsel[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Voortplanting[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Draco cyanopterus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco cyanopterus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco cyanopterus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Verspreidingsgebied[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Deze soort komt voor op Camiguin Dinagat en Mindanao
Deze soort wordt ook wel D. everetti genoemd
Draco fimbriatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco fimbriatus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco fimbriatus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco guentheri[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco guentheri | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco guentheri | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco jareckii[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco jareckii | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco jareckii | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco lineatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco lineatus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco lineatus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco mindanensis[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco mindanensis | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco mindanensis | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco ornatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco ornatus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco ornatus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco palawanensis[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco palawanensis | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco palawanensis | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco quadrasi[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco quadrasi | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco quadrasi | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco reticulatus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco reticulatus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco reticulatus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco spilopterus[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Draco spilopterus | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||||
| Draco spilopterus | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Draco spilopterus is een hagedis uit de familie van de Agamen die alleen in Indonesië en op de Filipijnen voorkomt.
ecoregio's van de Filipijnen[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
- Tropisch regenwouden
- Greater Negros-Panay rain forests
- Luzon montane rain forests
- Luzon rain forests
- Mindanao montane rain forests
- Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests
- Mindoro rain forests
- Palawan rain forests
- Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
- kleiner meren
- Philippines Freshwater
- koraal
- Sulu-Sulawesi zeeen
De ecoregio's van de Filipijnen van de Filipijnen zijn:
Engelse Wikipedia:
The Philippine archipelago is one of the world's great reservoirs of biodiversity and endemism. The archipelago includes over 7000 islands, and a total land area of 300,780 sq. km.
The Philippines were never connected to mainland Asia via land bridges, so the flora and fauna of the islands had to cross ocean straits to reach the Philippines. The Philippines are part of the Indomalaya ecozone, and its flora and fauna is mostly derived from tropical Asia. Botanically, the Philippines are part of Malesia, a floristic province that includes the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and New Guinea. Most of the Malesian flora is derived from tropical Asia, including the dipterocarps, which are the characteristic tree of the Philippine forests. Elements of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the ancient southern hemisphere supercontinent of Gondwana, are also present, including ancient conifers like podocarps (Podocarpus, Nageia, Sundacarpus) and araucarias (Agathis).
The ecoregions of the Philippines are defined primarily by the sea levels during the Ice Ages, which were 120 meters lower than at present, as billions of gallons of water were locked away in huge continental ice sheets. This drop in sea level connected many presently separate islands into larger islands, which allowed for exchanges of flora and fauna:
- Greater Luzon included Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque, Polillo, and several small islands.
- Greater Mindanao included Mindanao, Basilan, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, and adjacent small islands.
- Greater Palawan included Palawan, Balabac, Busuanga, Culion, Cuyo, and adjacent small islands.
- Greater Negros-Panay included Negros, Panay, Cebu, and Masbate.
- Greater Sulu included the most of the Sulu Archipelago, from Tawi Tawi to Jolo.
These formerly linked islands each constitute a separate ecoregion, as does Mindoro, which remained separate from the rest, along with a few smaller islands, notably Camiguin, Sibuyan, and Siquijor.
Each group of islands that were linked by land bridges in the ice ages also constitutes a separate faunal region. The lack of a land bridge to the Asian continent prevented most of the Asian megafauna, including elephants, rhinoceros, tapirs, tigers, leopards, and gibbons, from reaching the Philippines, although they do inhabit the adjacent Indonesian islands of Sundaland, which were formerly linked to the Asian continent by lowered sea levels.
The other main factor that defines the Philippine ecoregions is elevation; the high mountains of Luzon and Mindanao host distinct montane rain forest ecoregions. The mountains of Luzon are also home to the Luzon tropical pine forests.
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
- Greater Negros-Panay rain forests
- Luzon montane rain forests
- Luzon rain forests
- Mindanao montane rain forests
- Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests
- Mindoro rain forests
- Palawan rain forests
- South China Sea Islands (disputed between China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam)
- Sulu Archipelago rain forests
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Filipijnse keuken[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Boiga angulata[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
| Boiga angulata | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxonomische indeling | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Soort | |||||||||||||
| Boiga angulata | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Algemeen[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Verspreiding en leefgebied[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Bohol, Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Polillo-eilanden, Samar en Panay
Voedsel[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]
Voortplanting[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]